Weeds are the serious pest in rice production but these can be managed effectively by maintaining the critical periods of weed competition [11] as growth of the rice is greatly influenced by all the competition periods [49]. So to minimize the weed density, various weed control strategies have been evaluated in rice crop to get maximum output [20, 30]. 20 and 25cm where the highest grain yield was recorded at 2515cm and the lowest at 202.5cm spacing. Hussain etal. ha1 [64]. In general, different herbicide mixtures can be used for better weed control in rice. Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today. Early post emergence application of Bispyripac sodium 50 g a.i. The mechanism of herbicide MOA has been depicted in Figure2. An effective and feasible weed management program is essential to overcome various types of weeds throughout the growing period of crop as manual control of weeds is not a quick method. When the identity of a conventional cultivar is mistaken for a resistant cultivar in the field, the conventional cultivar is killed or severely injured by the herbicide that the resistant cultivar resists without adverse effects. Moreover, weed competition is more severe in direct seeded than in transplanted rice [13, 31, 32, 33]. Generally, flooding is used in conjunction with other control measures, like herbicides or hand weeding. The effect of both varied planting patterns and herbicides on weed dynamics in rice is presented in Figure1. It reduces the number of weed seeds in the soil, and greatly reduces weeds for the subsequent crop. Subscribe to our print & digital magazines now. ha-1 on 3 DAT + weeding with Twin row rotary weeder at 40 DAT, PE Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP @ 150 g ha-1 on 3 DAT + hand weeding (HW) on 45 DAT. Weed Science This premier institution of higher learning was established in 1908 and is now a university system composed of eight constituent universities and one autonomous college spread throughout 17 campuses in the archipelago. Hence, spatial arrangement of crop plants is the best cultural practice to reduce weed competition and raise rice yield. [91] using five pre- and post-emergence herbicides resulted in unexpected outcome. 2,4-D sodium salt (Fernoxone 80% WP) 1.25 kg/ha dissolved in 625 litres with a high volume sprayer, three weeks after transplanting or when the weeds are in 3 - 4 leaf stage. However, in 1980 when drought stress may have reduced initial postemergence activity and weeds emerged during the 14-day unflooded periods, differences in weed control between herbicides were obtained. Time and method of butachlor application in wet-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) [Philippines], Two experiments were conducted to evaluate different techniques on the performance of butachlor. Adoption of 2010cm spacing and pre emergence application of anilofos 2, 4-D at 6 days after transplanted supplemented with 2, 4-D Na salt at 20 days after transplanted generally enhanced rice yield from 58.13 to 70.41%. Weeds uptake available nutrients and compete with rice plants for water, light and space. For example, up to 76% reduction in rice grown under puddle conditions is caused due to uncontrolled weeds [6]. The adoption of suitable management strategies on herbicide is also important. [73]. This weed infestation in rice disturbs the rice growth badly and may result in complete crop failure [30]. Flooding to a depth of 10 cm prevents germination of most weed seeds and also kills the majority of weed seedlings. ha1; Clf-but: Cyhalofop-butyle 10% EC at 49.50 g a.i. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In direct seeded rice, the lowest weed dry biomass was recorded using the combination of bispyribac-sodium and pretilachlor [100]. [1] It is extensively used in India in the form of granules in rice as post emergence herbicide. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. How? According to Awan etal. ha1were also tank mixed with ethoxysulfuron ethyl at the same concentration, respectively and applied as post emergence. Crop safety, weed control, and yield were not affected by application method when the herbicide was applied 3 days before seeding compared to 6 days after seeding. Resistance of weeds to various herbicides is a well-known phenomenon but not as much focused as resistance to insecticides or fungicides [111]. Both yield and yield components of rice are affected by plant spacings as well as planting density [56]. Dense plant population may lead to intra-plant competition whereas low plant population provides the space for off-types to grow easily. ha-1 + bensulfuron methyl 50 g ha-1 on 3 DAT + HW on 45 DAT. Up to 50% increase in rice yield was recorded for narrow spacing compared with wide spacing. Pendimethalin-followed by- bispyribac-sodium + azimsulfuron. 
Moreover, number of panicle per plant and straw yield of rice increased significantly by raising planting density in rice [69]. 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20cm and two row spacings viz. 
Under weed free conditions, yield was 29% higher in the plot with 10cm row spacing than 20cm whereas grain yield 8788% higher than uncontrolled weedy plots. [38, 39] reported a reduction of 1298% in rice yield due to weed infestation. In many smallholder schemes, limited irrigation water and poor land development can be major constraints to effective weed control. As such, it focuses on fundamental research directly related to all aspects of weed science. Conventional tillage of one dry ploughing and two passes of cage wheel puddling combined with pre-emergence application of butachlor at 1.25 kg ha-1 under lowland situation. Therefore, susceptible crop genotypes are killed by a specific herbicide while the resistant cultivars survive. 
[93] studied the efficacy of tank mixed pre- and post-emergence herbicides on weed control in rice. Both ecological and biological factors of a specific region affect weed composition, distribution and propagation as well as its diversification and occupancy in that region. Butachlor is a herbicide of the acetanilide class. Planting geometry-induced changes in weed density and yield of direct seeded and transplanted rice. Select the purchase 
There are, however, only 29 major mechanisms of herbicide action, including a group of herbicides for which the MOA is unknown [76]. Herbicide resistance is the heritable capacity for plants to grow and reproduce after herbicide treatment that would have been fatal to all but one or a very few progenitors in an antecedent population. Hence, it is necessary to adjust suitable plant spacing and plant population as a weed management tool and to get better economic returns. [45] found weed control through herbicides as the best method followed by mechanical weeding without engine, three hand weeding and power mechanical weeding. Asian sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensisL.) First weeding must be done between 15 and 21 days after germination. ha1) as pre-emergence in rice [110]. Hence, human intentions are directly linked to define a weed and their activities endorse weed establishment and dissemination while weed persistence over a period, its type and density, emergence time and its interference period with the crop are directly related to the weed-related losses in crop yields [1]. Most often it is misunderstood that resistance is a problem caused by a particular active ingredient but it results from agronomic systems which totally depend on herbicides to control weeds [76]. [18] reported that in too dense populated rice fields, inter- specific competition starts which may cause lodging and gradual shading and results in yield penalty. Among the spacing, the widest spacing gave maximum weed control efficiency (55.30%) at 30 DAT and lowest weed control efficiency (62.03%) at 60 DAT. Herbicides are chemicals that either kill or inhibit growth of plants. [58], the yield of rice was much higher where nursery was transplanted in lines as compared to randomly transplanting. Planting density significantly influences the growth and development as well as grain yield of rice due to its inter-specific competition. Manufacturers recommend higher doses of herbicides than the optimum dose which controls the weed population at satisfactory level [83]. [75] concluded that 2010cm spacing with the application of anilofos+2, 4-DEE (ready mix) 0.40+0.53kgha1 supplemented with 2, 4-D sodium salt 1kgha1 provided the maximum grain yield and minimum weed competition. Different herbicides viz. [4] where a maximum yield of 5.87tha1 was obtained using Machete 5G and GGR-6 under plant spacing 2020cm. Readers like you are an inspiration for us to move Agri Journalism forward. It requires lot of time and labor as well whilst herbicides offer easy, economical and quick control of weeds if applied in proper dose and at a proper stage of the crop [15]. By manipulating the different weed management strategies, the competitive ability of crop over weeds for above and below ground resources can be enhanced [20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. To access this article, please, Access everything in the JPASS collection, Download up to 10 article PDFs to save and keep, Download up to 120 article PDFs to save and keep. Planting density in rice strongly influences the growth and development due to its inter-specific competition which affects grain yield [16]. Competitive abilities of weeds developed through natural selection make them more vigorous even under severe conditions. Rising wages of labor and their non-availability at peak time discourage hand weeding and make it necessary to use alternative methods of weed control including herbicides [13, 33, 78]. Weedicides can suppress weeds effectively and may provide a weed free environment if applied at proper stage and time [80]. At the seedling stage, E. colonaand E. crus-galliare closely related to rice plant and may be called as crop mimicry that need to control in time [44]. In smallholder systems, practice varies from zero tillage, as in many of the systems of shifting cultivation, to repeated deep cultivation to remove troublesome perennial weeds, such as Oryza longistaminata which has an extensive rhizome system. penoxsulam + cyhalofop, fenoxaprop + ethoxy sulfuron (in combination) and bispyribac-sodium (alone) on four different types of weeds i.e., E. colona, Digitaria ciliaris, Leptochloa chinensisand E. crus-galliby applying it at four, six and eight-leaf stages. DSR:Direct seeded rice, TR:Transplanted rice, SRI:System of rice intensification. Dear patron, thank you for being our reader. Among all the weed control methods, chemical weed control is commonly used to overcome weeds infestation which is easy, quick, time saving, cost effective and the most reliable method to control weeds in rice. and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) quickly establish formal in a very short duration especially where rice is produced by direct seeding [34]. The University of the Philippines (UP) is the countrys national university. To control weeds more effectively and to minimize the complete reliance on herbicides, adoption of cultural approaches in integrated pest management by farmers has been increasing [14]. The present chapter reveals the role of planting geometry and herbicides as weed management strategies in rice, and discusses the issue of herbicide resistance associated with chemical weed control. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. When the soil remained moist during the 2-week unflooded periods (1979 and 1981), weed emergence was slowed and no advantage with respect to enhanced weed control and increased rice yields could be demonstrated over that of the standard sequential propanil (3,4-dichloropropionanilide) application. Submitted: March 2nd, 2018 Reviewed: June 18th, 2018 Published: November 5th, 2018, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. 
The performance of rice established under different planting geometries was investigated by Ashraf etal. 
The growth, development and the yield of rice as well as the intensity of weed infestation are greatly affected by plant spacing. Similarly, pyrazosulfuron ethyl, penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium at 30, 15, 30g a.i. Source: [115]. We need your support to keep delivering quality Agri Journalism and reach the farmers and people in every corner of rural India. Juraimi etal. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Throughout these smallholder systems, weeds are one of the major biological constraints to production. Use Butachlor 1.25kg/ha or Anilophos 0.4kg/ha as pre-emergence application. Post-emergence application of bispyribac-sodium with metsulfuron methyl after pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen gave the highest weed control index in fine rice [95]. 
The rice yield in closer spacing was 19.50% more than wider. Rice spacing determines rice-weed competition and can play a decisive role to minimize weed pressure. WC: weedy check; Bisp WP: Bispyribac sodium 20% WP at 39.50 g a.i. They can be classified in numerous ways viz;by crop (e.g., a soybean herbicide), by their application timing (e.g., pre- or post- emergence to the crop or weeds), by their chemical family (e.g., sulfonylureas, dinitroanilines), by their path of mobility in the plant (e.g., translocation by phloem, xylem, or both), and by their mode of action (MOA) (e.g., photosystem II inhibitors, ALS inhibitors). ha-1 to be followed by Post emergence (POE) 2,4-D 1 kg a.i. Weeds should be allowed to grow before the next cultivation. 
Allow weeds to emerge within 12 weeks, and then kill them with either a non-selective herbicide or by light cultivation. We're on WhatsApp! So, it may be regarded as an economical method of weed control [81]. Application of pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium and penoxsulam reduced weed density up to 80% in rice [91], whereas application of cyhalofop-butyl at 80gha1 effectively controlled Echinochloa colona[96]. Regular monitoring and early detection of the evolution and mechanism of herbicide resistance and by adopting some suitable management strategies usefulness of herbicides may be enhanced otherwise weed control through herbicides might be at a high risk in future [116, 117]. [16] studied four rice sowing methods and concluded that the highest grain yield (3.06tha1) was obtained from 2020cm spacing while the lowest of 2.52tha1 from direct seeding by broadcasting the seeds in the standing water. By Lizete Stumpf, Otvio dos Anjos Leal, Eloy Antonio By Natalia Tereshchenko, Elena Akimova, Oksana Minaev By Juan Carlos lvarez-Hernndez, Luis Mario Tapia-Va HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM, Umair Ashraf, Saddam Hussain, Alam Sher, Muhammad Abrar, Imran Khan and Shakeel A. Anjum, Planting geometry: role in weed management and rice yield. A 3-yr study was conducted to compare the performance of several herbicides applied alone and in mixtures under three flooding conditions in dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L. 'Labelle'). Furthermore, Jacob etal. Bispyribac sodium at 30g a.i. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. Application of these herbicide provided 85% weed control over other herbicides with minimum weed dry biomass. Weed control in rice crop is always remaining a difficult task for successful crop production as their presence causes severe reduction in yield and quality of crops thus increasing the cost of production. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. PE butachlor 0.75 kg per hectare + bensulfuron methyl 50 g ha-1 on 3 DAT must followed by mechanical weeding on 45 DAT is effective for broad spectrum weed control. Use rotary weeder / Cono weeder / power operated two row weeder. Bispyribac-sodium is the most effective to the small and actively growing weeds especially against barnyard grass (alligator weed) when applied as an early post emergence herbicide applied at the 3-leaf stage of rice [92]. Rice grown in 30cm row spacing has 3235% greater weed biomass and 3850% less yield as compared with 15cm. ha1; Penox: Penoxulam 240 EC at 15 g a.i. [103] evaluated the efficacy of different post emergence herbicides viz. ha1; Bisp SC: Bispyribac sodium 100 SC at 39.50 g a.i. Weed control efficiency at reduced dose of herbicide tend to be lower than recommended doses, although in many cases it may be 60100% and acceptable commercially [82]. Moreover, in the upland rice field, Cynodon dactylonand Cyperus rotundusare also serious weeds of rice. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Upland rice is the cultivation of "rainfed" rice on well drained, non-irrigated fields. Weed control is the method of growing the weed population and development to a degree that does not cause economic. 
Anaya [47] and Remington and Posner [43] reported that lack of weed control in fields shared about 12% of total waste production and suggested hand weeding, chemical or mechanical weeding or their combinations for better weed control. 
Rice is considered as the most important food crop in developing countries and the crucial source of employment in rural areas. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. Herbicide class and its mode of action as defined by Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC;http://www.hracglobal.com). The use of herbicides to control weeds is just in the introductory stage in most of the developing and under developed countries and farmers of these regions also behave rationally in herbicide usage. Moreover, early application of post emergence herbicides provided high weed control than late application whilst fenoxaprop + ethoxy sulfuron controlled Digitaria ciliarisand Leptochloa chinensis, penoxsulam + cyhalofop controlled Leptochloa chinensisand bispyribac-sodium controlled E. colonaeffectively. 
Daily. whilst 36.63% increase in paddy yield was observed in weed free treatment compared with weedy check. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. Hence, plant spacing in rice determines rice-weed competition and has a crucial role in reducing weed intensity and rice yield (Table2). There are diverse weed communities and types in rice fields. Weeds are one of the major biological threats to higher rice productivity worldwide. [14] stated that use of herbicides seems a crucial part to control and manage weed infestation in rice. This article about an organic compound is a stub. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. They concluded from the ED50 values from the doseresponse experiment that resistant biotypes were 4, 10 and 17 times resistant to propanil, quinclorac and cyhalofop-butyl, respectively. 
Hossain etal. There are diverse weed communities and types in rice fields. 
Rahman etal. Among all treatments, 79.53% weed control was obtained by application of pretichlor at 30 DAT. The rate of herbicide to be applied depends on the type of weed flora, the density of weed population, phenological development of both the weed and the crops and the prevailing environmental conditions of the location. Short duration of aman rice transplanted at 2515cm with three hand weedings gives 193% total dry matter than 2010cm with weedy control. ha-1 along with hand weeding on 35 DAT. 
PE Oxadiazon 87.5 g a.i. Plow and harrow various times before planting. Use rotary weeder from 15 DAT at 10 days interval. Various cultural, biological, physical and chemical practices affect the composition and intensity of weeds in rice fields. It must be noted that, if pre-emergence herbicide application is not done, hand weeding has to be done on 15th DAT. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Highest yield attributes and grain yield 62.8% (q ha, In herbicide treated plots grain yield was 7588% and 8193% better weed control as compared to other treatments, In herbicide treated plots 2741% higher grain yield was obtained as compared to control providing 7593% weed control, Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, Faisalabad-Campus, Pakistan, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Pakistan, Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, China, Department of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agriculture University, China, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, China. Join our WhatsApp group and get the most important updates you need. Weeds being the most serious pests in agriculture have the ability to compete with the crop for nutrients through rapid growth and development. Not only the weeds pressure, but also the sub-optimal plant population also favors weeds to grow profusely which can be managed by spatial arrangement of crops [4]. [3] It is used as a selective pre-emergent herbicide. Crop growth and yield were enhanced by butachlor 1.2 + 2, 4-DEE 1.5 lit ha-1 with 100% inorganic nitrogen. Then, apply a thin film of water and allow it to disappear. option. InChI=1S/C17H26ClNO2/c1-4-7-11-21-13-19(16(20)12-18)17-14(5-2)9-8-10-15(17)6-3/h8-10H,4-7,11-13H2,1-3H3, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butachlor&oldid=1080824226, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 April 2022, at 17:47.
Moreover, number of panicle per plant and straw yield of rice increased significantly by raising planting density in rice [69]. 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20cm and two row spacings viz. Under weed free conditions, yield was 29% higher in the plot with 10cm row spacing than 20cm whereas grain yield 8788% higher than uncontrolled weedy plots. [38, 39] reported a reduction of 1298% in rice yield due to weed infestation. In many smallholder schemes, limited irrigation water and poor land development can be major constraints to effective weed control. As such, it focuses on fundamental research directly related to all aspects of weed science. Conventional tillage of one dry ploughing and two passes of cage wheel puddling combined with pre-emergence application of butachlor at 1.25 kg ha-1 under lowland situation. Therefore, susceptible crop genotypes are killed by a specific herbicide while the resistant cultivars survive. [93] studied the efficacy of tank mixed pre- and post-emergence herbicides on weed control in rice. Both ecological and biological factors of a specific region affect weed composition, distribution and propagation as well as its diversification and occupancy in that region. Butachlor is a herbicide of the acetanilide class. Planting geometry-induced changes in weed density and yield of direct seeded and transplanted rice. Select the purchase There are, however, only 29 major mechanisms of herbicide action, including a group of herbicides for which the MOA is unknown [76]. Herbicide resistance is the heritable capacity for plants to grow and reproduce after herbicide treatment that would have been fatal to all but one or a very few progenitors in an antecedent population. Hence, it is necessary to adjust suitable plant spacing and plant population as a weed management tool and to get better economic returns. [45] found weed control through herbicides as the best method followed by mechanical weeding without engine, three hand weeding and power mechanical weeding. Asian sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensisL.) First weeding must be done between 15 and 21 days after germination. ha1) as pre-emergence in rice [110]. Hence, human intentions are directly linked to define a weed and their activities endorse weed establishment and dissemination while weed persistence over a period, its type and density, emergence time and its interference period with the crop are directly related to the weed-related losses in crop yields [1]. Most often it is misunderstood that resistance is a problem caused by a particular active ingredient but it results from agronomic systems which totally depend on herbicides to control weeds [76]. [18] reported that in too dense populated rice fields, inter- specific competition starts which may cause lodging and gradual shading and results in yield penalty. Among the spacing, the widest spacing gave maximum weed control efficiency (55.30%) at 30 DAT and lowest weed control efficiency (62.03%) at 60 DAT. Herbicides are chemicals that either kill or inhibit growth of plants. [58], the yield of rice was much higher where nursery was transplanted in lines as compared to randomly transplanting. Planting density significantly influences the growth and development as well as grain yield of rice due to its inter-specific competition. Manufacturers recommend higher doses of herbicides than the optimum dose which controls the weed population at satisfactory level [83]. [75] concluded that 2010cm spacing with the application of anilofos+2, 4-DEE (ready mix) 0.40+0.53kgha1 supplemented with 2, 4-D sodium salt 1kgha1 provided the maximum grain yield and minimum weed competition. Different herbicides viz. [4] where a maximum yield of 5.87tha1 was obtained using Machete 5G and GGR-6 under plant spacing 2020cm. Readers like you are an inspiration for us to move Agri Journalism forward. It requires lot of time and labor as well whilst herbicides offer easy, economical and quick control of weeds if applied in proper dose and at a proper stage of the crop [15]. By manipulating the different weed management strategies, the competitive ability of crop over weeds for above and below ground resources can be enhanced [20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. To access this article, please, Access everything in the JPASS collection, Download up to 10 article PDFs to save and keep, Download up to 120 article PDFs to save and keep. Planting density in rice strongly influences the growth and development due to its inter-specific competition which affects grain yield [16]. Competitive abilities of weeds developed through natural selection make them more vigorous even under severe conditions. Rising wages of labor and their non-availability at peak time discourage hand weeding and make it necessary to use alternative methods of weed control including herbicides [13, 33, 78]. Weedicides can suppress weeds effectively and may provide a weed free environment if applied at proper stage and time [80]. At the seedling stage, E. colonaand E. crus-galliare closely related to rice plant and may be called as crop mimicry that need to control in time [44]. In smallholder systems, practice varies from zero tillage, as in many of the systems of shifting cultivation, to repeated deep cultivation to remove troublesome perennial weeds, such as Oryza longistaminata which has an extensive rhizome system. penoxsulam + cyhalofop, fenoxaprop + ethoxy sulfuron (in combination) and bispyribac-sodium (alone) on four different types of weeds i.e., E. colona, Digitaria ciliaris, Leptochloa chinensisand E. crus-galliby applying it at four, six and eight-leaf stages. DSR:Direct seeded rice, TR:Transplanted rice, SRI:System of rice intensification. Dear patron, thank you for being our reader. Among all the weed control methods, chemical weed control is commonly used to overcome weeds infestation which is easy, quick, time saving, cost effective and the most reliable method to control weeds in rice. and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) quickly establish formal in a very short duration especially where rice is produced by direct seeding [34]. The University of the Philippines (UP) is the countrys national university. To control weeds more effectively and to minimize the complete reliance on herbicides, adoption of cultural approaches in integrated pest management by farmers has been increasing [14]. The present chapter reveals the role of planting geometry and herbicides as weed management strategies in rice, and discusses the issue of herbicide resistance associated with chemical weed control. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. When the soil remained moist during the 2-week unflooded periods (1979 and 1981), weed emergence was slowed and no advantage with respect to enhanced weed control and increased rice yields could be demonstrated over that of the standard sequential propanil (3,4-dichloropropionanilide) application. Submitted: March 2nd, 2018 Reviewed: June 18th, 2018 Published: November 5th, 2018, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. The performance of rice established under different planting geometries was investigated by Ashraf etal. The growth, development and the yield of rice as well as the intensity of weed infestation are greatly affected by plant spacing. Similarly, pyrazosulfuron ethyl, penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium at 30, 15, 30g a.i. Source: [115]. We need your support to keep delivering quality Agri Journalism and reach the farmers and people in every corner of rural India. Juraimi etal. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Throughout these smallholder systems, weeds are one of the major biological constraints to production. Use Butachlor 1.25kg/ha or Anilophos 0.4kg/ha as pre-emergence application. Post-emergence application of bispyribac-sodium with metsulfuron methyl after pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen gave the highest weed control index in fine rice [95]. The rice yield in closer spacing was 19.50% more than wider. Rice spacing determines rice-weed competition and can play a decisive role to minimize weed pressure. WC: weedy check; Bisp WP: Bispyribac sodium 20% WP at 39.50 g a.i. They can be classified in numerous ways viz;by crop (e.g., a soybean herbicide), by their application timing (e.g., pre- or post- emergence to the crop or weeds), by their chemical family (e.g., sulfonylureas, dinitroanilines), by their path of mobility in the plant (e.g., translocation by phloem, xylem, or both), and by their mode of action (MOA) (e.g., photosystem II inhibitors, ALS inhibitors). ha-1 to be followed by Post emergence (POE) 2,4-D 1 kg a.i. Weeds should be allowed to grow before the next cultivation. Allow weeds to emerge within 12 weeks, and then kill them with either a non-selective herbicide or by light cultivation. We're on WhatsApp! So, it may be regarded as an economical method of weed control [81]. Application of pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium and penoxsulam reduced weed density up to 80% in rice [91], whereas application of cyhalofop-butyl at 80gha1 effectively controlled Echinochloa colona[96]. Regular monitoring and early detection of the evolution and mechanism of herbicide resistance and by adopting some suitable management strategies usefulness of herbicides may be enhanced otherwise weed control through herbicides might be at a high risk in future [116, 117]. [16] studied four rice sowing methods and concluded that the highest grain yield (3.06tha1) was obtained from 2020cm spacing while the lowest of 2.52tha1 from direct seeding by broadcasting the seeds in the standing water. By Lizete Stumpf, Otvio dos Anjos Leal, Eloy Antonio By Natalia Tereshchenko, Elena Akimova, Oksana Minaev By Juan Carlos lvarez-Hernndez, Luis Mario Tapia-Va HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM, Umair Ashraf, Saddam Hussain, Alam Sher, Muhammad Abrar, Imran Khan and Shakeel A. Anjum, Planting geometry: role in weed management and rice yield. A 3-yr study was conducted to compare the performance of several herbicides applied alone and in mixtures under three flooding conditions in dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L. 'Labelle'). Furthermore, Jacob etal. Bispyribac sodium at 30g a.i. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. Application of these herbicide provided 85% weed control over other herbicides with minimum weed dry biomass. Weed control in rice crop is always remaining a difficult task for successful crop production as their presence causes severe reduction in yield and quality of crops thus increasing the cost of production. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. PE butachlor 0.75 kg per hectare + bensulfuron methyl 50 g ha-1 on 3 DAT must followed by mechanical weeding on 45 DAT is effective for broad spectrum weed control. Use rotary weeder / Cono weeder / power operated two row weeder. Bispyribac-sodium is the most effective to the small and actively growing weeds especially against barnyard grass (alligator weed) when applied as an early post emergence herbicide applied at the 3-leaf stage of rice [92]. Rice grown in 30cm row spacing has 3235% greater weed biomass and 3850% less yield as compared with 15cm. ha1; Penox: Penoxulam 240 EC at 15 g a.i. [103] evaluated the efficacy of different post emergence herbicides viz. ha1; Bisp SC: Bispyribac sodium 100 SC at 39.50 g a.i. Weed control efficiency at reduced dose of herbicide tend to be lower than recommended doses, although in many cases it may be 60100% and acceptable commercially [82]. Moreover, in the upland rice field, Cynodon dactylonand Cyperus rotundusare also serious weeds of rice. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Upland rice is the cultivation of "rainfed" rice on well drained, non-irrigated fields. Weed control is the method of growing the weed population and development to a degree that does not cause economic. Anaya [47] and Remington and Posner [43] reported that lack of weed control in fields shared about 12% of total waste production and suggested hand weeding, chemical or mechanical weeding or their combinations for better weed control. Rice is considered as the most important food crop in developing countries and the crucial source of employment in rural areas. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. Herbicide class and its mode of action as defined by Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC;http://www.hracglobal.com). The use of herbicides to control weeds is just in the introductory stage in most of the developing and under developed countries and farmers of these regions also behave rationally in herbicide usage. Moreover, early application of post emergence herbicides provided high weed control than late application whilst fenoxaprop + ethoxy sulfuron controlled Digitaria ciliarisand Leptochloa chinensis, penoxsulam + cyhalofop controlled Leptochloa chinensisand bispyribac-sodium controlled E. colonaeffectively. Daily. whilst 36.63% increase in paddy yield was observed in weed free treatment compared with weedy check. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. Hence, plant spacing in rice determines rice-weed competition and has a crucial role in reducing weed intensity and rice yield (Table2). There are diverse weed communities and types in rice fields. Weeds are one of the major biological threats to higher rice productivity worldwide. [14] stated that use of herbicides seems a crucial part to control and manage weed infestation in rice. This article about an organic compound is a stub. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. They concluded from the ED50 values from the doseresponse experiment that resistant biotypes were 4, 10 and 17 times resistant to propanil, quinclorac and cyhalofop-butyl, respectively. Hossain etal. There are diverse weed communities and types in rice fields. Rahman etal. Among all treatments, 79.53% weed control was obtained by application of pretichlor at 30 DAT. The rate of herbicide to be applied depends on the type of weed flora, the density of weed population, phenological development of both the weed and the crops and the prevailing environmental conditions of the location. Short duration of aman rice transplanted at 2515cm with three hand weedings gives 193% total dry matter than 2010cm with weedy control. ha-1 along with hand weeding on 35 DAT. PE Oxadiazon 87.5 g a.i. Plow and harrow various times before planting. Use rotary weeder from 15 DAT at 10 days interval. Various cultural, biological, physical and chemical practices affect the composition and intensity of weeds in rice fields. It must be noted that, if pre-emergence herbicide application is not done, hand weeding has to be done on 15th DAT. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Highest yield attributes and grain yield 62.8% (q ha, In herbicide treated plots grain yield was 7588% and 8193% better weed control as compared to other treatments, In herbicide treated plots 2741% higher grain yield was obtained as compared to control providing 7593% weed control, Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, Faisalabad-Campus, Pakistan, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Pakistan, Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, China, Department of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agriculture University, China, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, China. Join our WhatsApp group and get the most important updates you need. Weeds being the most serious pests in agriculture have the ability to compete with the crop for nutrients through rapid growth and development. Not only the weeds pressure, but also the sub-optimal plant population also favors weeds to grow profusely which can be managed by spatial arrangement of crops [4]. [3] It is used as a selective pre-emergent herbicide. Crop growth and yield were enhanced by butachlor 1.2 + 2, 4-DEE 1.5 lit ha-1 with 100% inorganic nitrogen. Then, apply a thin film of water and allow it to disappear. option. InChI=1S/C17H26ClNO2/c1-4-7-11-21-13-19(16(20)12-18)17-14(5-2)9-8-10-15(17)6-3/h8-10H,4-7,11-13H2,1-3H3, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butachlor&oldid=1080824226, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 April 2022, at 17:47.