research paper on emotional intelligence pdfbest stainless steel tubing cutter

Lastly, intelligence should vary with experience and age. Faculty members shared and reflected upon their scores and students were encouraged to do the same. Latiff DA. Self-report reliability may be increased by combining self-responses with peer assessments.22 However, this introduces several research issues as well as the need for increased resources. Mayer JD, Salovey P. The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Patients were recruited at the conclusion of an office visit to complete an 11-item patient satisfaction survey. Wagner et al investigated the relationship between patient satisfaction and physicians' emotional intelligence scores as assessed using the Bar-On EQi instrument.33 Fourteen family medicine faculty members and 16 family medicine residents at a southern US medical school completed the Bar-On EQi. ;4OG J.k4A\WBP]; Researchers found that overall emotional intelligence scores were higher among women than men (189.2 vs.176.5). Some believe that recent proliferations in technological advances have resulted in an overemphasis on clinical competence and a disproportionate emphasis on service and caring within the health professions. 2 0 obj Holland RW, Nimmo CM. Jaeger AJ. +Tv~S 9N3d7G6EeY_;q",q\ZGL=tt0vK1Br"Mu9.e|m 02:w%C60>1'fMx\N6zu/*'59zqMSC_uTh:|l7\gf64@=B^ m_vK>Ip2 \oHRXQ a\(xgv&}?? Two hundred and thirteen respondents completed the survey instrument for a response rate of 70%. Carrothers et al developed and piloted a trial of an emotional intelligence assessment instrument intended for applicants at 3 consortium medical schools.32 Researchers developed a 34-item semantic differential instrument that was intended to measure emotional intelligence constructs. Hammer DP, Berger BA, Beardsley RS, Easton MR. Student professionalism. This paper will review the foundations and proposed definitions of the concept of emotional intelligence as well as discuss health professions and non-health profession trials and issues in this area. Some new data and conclusions. National Library of Medicine Most instruments designed to measure emotional intelligence are either self-report scales or performance-based evaluations involving the completion of observed problem sets.19,22 Performance-based assessments may provide better reliability since they assess demonstrated ability-based skills rather than self-reports; however, they are generally more costly and time consuming to perform. Baseline demographic data for study participants were not reported by the authors. Locke EA. Roberts RD, Zeidner M, Matthews G. Does emotional intelligence meet traditional standards for an intelligence? Cronbach alpha assessment demonstrated internal consistency similar to previously published results. Mean emotional intelligence and perceived stress scores were 117.5 (SD = 14.9) and 17.7 (SD = 6.5), respectively. Additionally, performance-based tests are hindered by the objectivity in selecting what are considered correct responses to the problem sets posed to the test subjects. hb```f````e`Y ,@Q @V(una``jlhs:$5AE+D~AND8+&j qZ "1[ B(& 0AD` Gvh20_a@,y 'i{a l894x8(6T; } |X1(@ 7p The authors concluded that based on this pilot study, the emotional intelligence instrument that was developed by the consortium demonstrated the ability to measure attributes that indicate desirable personal and interpersonal skills in medical school applicants. Despite this limitation, the researchers concluded that a health care professional's satisfaction with his/her own life and his/her personal happiness is a component in maximizing a patient's satisfaction with health care services. Table Table22 lists some of the more commonly cited and available instruments for assessing emotional intelligence. Elam CL. A specific example from pharmacy practice might involve recognition that adherence to treatment regimens can be improved not only with attention to a patient's technical needs but also to emotional requirements in fulfilling their therapeutic covenant. and transmitted securely. The authors emphasize that modalities for improving emotional intelligence of dental students might also augment stress coping mechanisms. The results of this secondary analysis have not yet been published. The instrument was pilot tested, and complete data for analysis were available for 147 applicants. Ability-based assessments generally involve hands-on problem sets and require greater resource commitments in terms of cost and time; however, they are considered by most to be more accurate than self-report.22 All of these instruments have been criticized for deficiencies in validity. endstream endobj startxref Nevertheless, several instruments are available and researchers should recognize the limitations of both self-report and performance-based measures and the specific instrument from either category that is selected for use. Conte JM. All health care professions are rooted in a need to establish therapeutic relationships with patients. Pre-pharmacy indicators of success in pharmacy school: grade point averages, pharmacy college admission test, communication abilities, and critical thinking skills. Most health professions have a long-standing history of relying upon traditional markers of intelligence to both predict successful completion of a degree program and to determine individual mastery of topics. Measuring emotional intelligence of medical school matriculants. 68 0 obj <> endobj Many corporations have examined and to some extent used emotional intelligence as a measure of these intangible characteristics, which some speculate are better predictors of educational and occupational performance.12,13 Many proponents claim that emotional intelligence may be a distinguishing characteristic of great leaders.12 Recognizing that aspects of emotional intelligence are central to the provision of care, several health professions have experimented with strategies aimed at measuring and/or modifying emotional intelligence. No studies involving emotional intelligence have been reported among cohorts of pharmacy students or pharmacists. Romanelli F, Ryan M. A survey and review of attitudes and beliefs of generation X pharmacy students. Allen DD, Bond CA. endobj No single test is considered to be a gold standard for assessment. Some historical and scientific issues related to research on emotional intelligence. Furthermore, scores for each dimension of the instrument were higher among women with less variance. Jaeger studied the effects of emotional intelligence instruction on academic performance among a convenience sample of 150 students in 5 sections of a general management graduate-level course in the northeastern United States.24 Additional data regarding the demographics of the study cohort was not provided by the authors. Additionally, research examining emotional intelligence should attempt to exclude as many confounders as possible. Mean EQi scores in the emotional intelligence curriculum group improved from 101.16 to 111.06 (p < 0.001) and in the non-emotional intelligence curriculum group from 101.92 to 103.7 (p < 0.01). Levels of emotional intelligence at the end of the study period were associated with academic performance, with a greater correlation existing in the emotional intelligence curriculum group. This is especially evident in pharmacy. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Internal consistency (as determined by Cronbach's alpha assessment) for the emotional intelligence scale and PSS-10 were 0.9 and 0.86, respectively. Additionally, emotional intelligence seemed related to educational programs that included a strong emphasis on social sciences and the humanities. Several researchers have examined various aspects of emotional intelligence and how the concept may relate to the health professions.30-35 These studies have taken multiple approaches with regard to the aspects of emotional intelligence examined as well as methods by which emotional intelligence is measured. The study authors concluded that future research was needed to establish whether modalities aimed at enhancing emotional intelligence in dental students would result in better stress coping skills. Given the current external environment of the profession, which includes pressures to increase student enrollment, the advent of several new colleges and schools of pharmacy, and a professional recommitment to patient-centered practice, the prospect of using emotional intelligence measures as a predictor of success or capacity to provide care is attractive. Various studies examining emotional intelligence in other health professions have been conducted. As part of the Essentials of Clinical Medicine Course at the Medical College of Georgia, Wagner et al developed a module intended to increase medical students' understanding of emotional and interactional skills and to improve emotional intelligence.30 Students and faculty members who enrolled in the course completed the Bar-On E-Qi and subsequently participated in a lecture series on emotional intelligence. Recognizing the potential for significant contributions of emotional intelligence to patient outcomes, some suggest that it is important to expect, recognize, develop, and assess emotional intelligence within health professions education. This study was limited by its cross-sectional design, which involved a convenience sample of a single academic institution. Pau AKH, Croucher R, Sohanpal R, Muirhead V, Seymour K. Emotional intelligence and stress coping in dental undergraduates a qualitative study. Outcomes might be defined in one of several ways, including but not limited to patient satisfaction. A Medline search was conducted to identify literature in this area as it pertains to the health sciences. government site. When correlating relationship satisfaction scores and Bar-On EQi scores, researchers found that only one EQi subscale (that of the physician's level of happiness) had a weak correlation with patients' higher satisfaction. A more natural relationship which predicts success might exist within the health professions, where if accepted as a construct, emotional intelligence may prove to be critical for the development of productive therapeutic pharmacist-patient relationships. <> Potential researchers in this area should have a critical understanding of the underpinnings of the emotional intelligence debate. In a follow-up report, Pau et al examined how dental undergraduates with differing levels of emotional intelligence dealt with stress.35 Researchers selected a population of undergraduate dental students from a 5-year program and used the emotional intelligence scale by Schuette et al to determine emotional intelligence scores.19 Subjects were then stratified into high and low emotional intelligence score groups using median scores as breakpoints. Transitions part 1: beyond pharmaceutical care. Traditional measures have been used with relative reliability in predicting technical success for several years.1-5 Often the use of newer, less traditional measures is met with resistance and questions of reliability and other limitations. Additionally, students' emotional intelligence scores at admission will be compared to results from standardized patients' assessments of medical interviewing and interaction. Traditional admissions markers may predict successful academic performance but may not capture many intangible characteristics, behavioral variations, and traits that may be more critical to successful pharmacy practice and life in general.11 These intangible characteristics, such as empathy, social maturity, and self-awareness may be essential components required for connecting with and caring for patients. The new PMC design is here! Mean perceived stress scores were higher in students over 21 years of age (p < 0.001), female students (p < 0.05), and those in higher years of school (p < 0.001). The subjects were 232 ambulatory patients, of whom 24% were male and 76% female. The researchers intend to use the garnered information to prospectively monitor the development of communication and interpersonal skills among the cohort. PMC legacy view This was not a surprising finding given that a physician's mood will often be transmitted to patients. No studies have examined the concept of emotional intelligence within the framework of pharmacy or pharmacy education. Information from the pilot test of the emotional intelligence instrument was not used for making any decisions with regard to admission. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Some information can be garnered from educational research conducted by colleagues in medical and dental fields. Most institutions of higher learning and professional disciplines must ascertain predictors of ability or success in order to make student admissions and assessment decisions. 105 0 obj <>stream From each emotional intelligence group in each academic year, 1 male and 1 female student were randomly selected to comprise a cohort of 10 subjects that represented all 5 years of the dental program. Subsequently, each participant received their EQi scores. A demographic questionnaire was also completed by each subject. %%EOF The Shipley Institute of Living IQ Scale was used to determine general intelligence. In a sub-analysis of emotional intelligence scores categorized by medical school, those applicants who had matriculated from the institution considered to have the strongest requirements in terms of the arts and humanities had the highest overall emotional intelligence scores (mean overall emotional intelligence score of 186.5 versus 177.3 and 182.7). Limitations to this research include the small sample size (particularly of the emotional intelligence curriculum group) and inherent limits of the scales and instruments used in this trial. Correlational analysis demonstrated that emotional intelligence scale scores were inversely related to PSS-10 scores. All students completed a preintervention and postintervention Bar-On E-Qi test, but only students in the intervention section were provided with the results and an analysis. Lam et al investigated the notion that advanced emotional intelligence was correlated with greater individual performance, often above and beyond that associated with one's level of general intelligence.23 Researchers examined a cohort of 304 undergraduate students (152 men and 152 women) at a University in the western United States. Including the assessment of nontraditional factors in pharmacy school admissions. r(|geHh+: r_hi^B*" hj0G~T).#p_q Yh%nL#B5G>iS4xT"|GQB$J#_]D\Bd|EX$3| In assessing any form of intelligence, descriptive models must meet 3 standards.16 First, an intelligence should be capable of reflecting mental performance rather than preferred ways of behaving, a person's self-esteem, or non-intellectual attainments. Additionally, variability in emotional intelligence scores at this institution was lower in comparison to the other institutions. Additional health science and non-health science research papers were then identified using references listed by primary authors of these studies. Lam LT, Kirby SL. Wagner PJ, Moseley GC, Grant MM, Gore JR, Owens C. Physicians' emotional intelligence and patient satisfaction. The goals of this process were to allow students to gain a self-awareness of their emotional intelligence strengths and weaknesses and to improve their patient-physician interactions and to provide a more formalized approach to improving patient-physician interactions. No formal statistical or outcome data were collected by the investigator in this pilot study. Freshwater D, Stickley T. The heart of the art: emotional intelligence in nurse education. Significance of didactic merit, test scores, interviews, and the admissions process: a case study. about navigating our updated article layout. ? ~S31Hv|OSXb]#?dM9'qYs.D^1+49l!T]eQ%XULh9(LVV%D9)9>faAwo_ n6: YJOV]77X%,Z9Rzl* laQYUeI}$]KGbu$At/[vzXPR[(T{JXAJ0p%In?m? 9`k?_:V_P'/".i'`M'R'q |OWB nKNlKu"rAD>:l5jJTo -{p:^#wslZ3RWG\q`K~ p`z\#,uj|481G*DXo0"dR@2n0`.Ij5oN)ayuD?qC`n`G~|O~Q \QigQO'M0V"~3 x2pw[6JQ ;|H>o-~??C~H`P;XuP[4vD _v=0. Some researchers claim that emotional intelligence meets all 3 of the aforementioned criteria.16,17 Several measures of emotional intelligence have been developed and the various criteria used by different measures may converge.16 In fulfilling the second criterion, some emotional intelligence measures have been validated and appear to have associations with empathy, warmth, and emotional openness.18 Associations with outside criteria such as scholastic aptitude tests also appear to exist. Mean emotional intelligence scores of the women were significantly higher than those of the men (p < 0.05). Using the structured interview for a more reliable assessment of pharmacy student applicants. 8600 Rockville Pike Recommendations for future research and research potential are discussed. lb2;&ba W6>! heDseF[KI"PtNFKMJKg(z9(}3=\@b{|;q i!78@h _p@N`homG6lJi&Abd%4k3R3/~mEX gA[Z:zx8yA4.w'_'=ym|ra_Y(V=O C`{?PKf-j|?O:j\kn2pKI-LAc# ;7k2k1Jwl?/SX/vmOwk^oC@Qr@Y9OH]T@p0Q/L)pBB&Y b6P_wDI'B ZJHK%:_Od[F *6q'}H"sasxY3o9NKMpzp3"W0ppyP%"mD-'=_er{$ee*"lV~]5;Cw_P p_GyD3iDj&F[4o(m'>OzYv:uf\+#e@@%~ 3JAl Some researchers have examined correlates to the admissions process while others have attempted interventional trials aimed at improving emotional intelligence scores. Therefore, careful analysis is required to determine what is and what is not emotional intelligence. Kidd RS, Latif DA. ACT score (r2 = 0.084) and GPA (r2 = 0.138) were not well correlated with the emotional intelligence instrument; however, interview assessment scores were correlated with emotional intelligence (r2 = 0.761). Landy FJ. <> Chisholm MA, Cobb HH, Kotzan JA. A nationwide shortage of pharmacy practitioners has led to the proliferation of new colleges and schools of pharmacy and forced many existing institutions to increase class sizes.7 This turn of events has resulted in greater numbers of candidates for admission and the need for greater scrutiny in these processes as colleges compete for the same applicant pool.7. An exploration of the impact of emotional and general intelligence on individual performance. Accessibility x=?ippZ]w"e}hb031 K}Qg\YWVYU7})B4^XXmV.t( O>|]\jgo[E mB*gZjh6(z!kw6phEk)a,CWp:(3mZW* kqP_k[(? Each participant completed the Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS). Latif DA. The average age of the physician participants was 37.7 years and the average number of years in practice since receiving their medical degree was 8.1 years. 89 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[68 38]/Info 67 0 R/Length 98/Prev 215950/Root 69 0 R/Size 106/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream will also be available for a limited time. However, prior to advocating research in this area, several issues must be addressed, including establishing a clear definition of emotional intelligence and assessing the validity and reliability of existing measurement instruments. Students registering for 1 of the 5 sections of the course were blinded to the study goals. Students with low emotional intelligence were more likely to engage in health damaging behaviors (eg, procrastinating, social withdrawal, use of tobacco products). Colleges and schools may be admitting students who are less prepared or who do not fully understand the profession's role and responsibilities in health care. Job competencies and the curriculum: An inquiry into emotional intelligence in graduate professional education. Both instruments were administered to the 2000 entering class of the UK College of Medicine (n = 101), with a participation rate of 90%. The The applicant pool was composed of 83 women and 64 men. hbbd``b`V@3`?$@BCH0- BHH$&?AH3+- S4,#eE7|0 F The mean population norms for the PSS-10 scale is 13.0. Each interview was then systematically transcribed and qualitatively analyzed. The presumption in this testing was that women were more competent in interpersonal skills and thus should present with higher emotional intelligence scores. endstream endobj 69 0 obj <> endobj 70 0 obj <> endobj 71 0 obj <>stream Mayer JD, Cobb CD. Whether emotional intelligence is a predictor of these skill sets has not been well described. Many psychologists and intelligence experts fail to find differences between emotional intelligence and personality constructs and often identify the loosely defined nature of emotional intelligence as a major impediment to acceptance of the concept.21-23 Others support the notion that existing data and research in this area are sufficiently robust to justify acceptance of emotional intelligence or at a minimum support of ongoing research in this area.15-18 Both groups recognize the need to embrace a single definition and the need for better assessment instruments and measures. An official website of the United States government. Significant factors for predicting academic success of first-year pharmacy students. tIZwH6n The TMMS is designed to assess individual differences in abilities to recognize, discriminate, and regulate moods and emotions, while the DIRI is a measure of empathy. <> While the corporate world seems to have embraced the concept of emotional intelligence as a predictor of worker success, this is less true within the health professions where research is lacking and a greater level of scrutiny can be expected. 3 0 obj The happiness subscale most closely correlated with physician mood. Traditional markers of ability and success, such as grade point average (GPA) and standardized test scores, have varying degrees of predictive value.1-5 Some institutions employ additional methods to select candidates for admission including but not limited to writing samples, personality inventories, on-site individual interviews, and group interviews.3,6 Colleges and schools of pharmacy are increasingly scrutinizing their student admissions processes for several reasons. This study was limited in that complete admissions data were not available for all applicants, thus the sample size was not completely inclusive. Pau AKH, Croucher R. Emotional intelligence and perceived stress in dental undergraduates. Finally, a reported difference in emotional intelligence scores between adolescents and adults provides support for meeting the final criterion for a new form of intelligence.18,19, Common criticisms of emotional intelligence and emotional intelligence measures are the multitude of qualities encompassed by the concept and its loosely defined nature.20-22 Some authors have described overlaps between emotional intelligence models and personality constructs. Final project grades were selected as the dependent measure since in the intervention group these grades would reflect only learning that occurred following the emotional intelligence instruction. Careers, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky. These findings led researchers to conclude that emotional intelligence could be taught or learned and is not a fixed parameter. Since health professions education and training is associated with strenuous academic and non-academic demands and stressors, increased emotional intelligence might result in better stress coping mechanisms and thereby augment performance and/or lifestyle. ;#;rwd^\y``V#30!&P*;H0H\hO:9ZE"Hy{}pn~|~d/bSWbA)ql{Xw=w=fzP&ge2'NfM7IP!b~{- ]D$w`a8sr< Hepler CD, Strand LM, Tromp D, Sakolchai S. Critically examining pharmaceutical care. Additionally, greater levels of emotional intelligence can be expected to correlate with academic performance even when controlling for traditional markers of intelligence, such as GPA. No background information regarding the study participants was reported. Four sets of coping strategies adopted at varying degrees of emotional intelligence were identified. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. hXn6[HXp864nMt]Yr$9, m_@x33T`0&3Lb9gmt=|1n:>|=? The instrument was based on extensive reviews of the emotional intelligence literature and repeated focus groups involving the admissions committees of the medical schools involved in the project. Factor analysis of social and abstract intelligence. In 1 of the 5 sections (intervention group, n = 31), formal instruction regarding emotional intelligence was incorporated into the curriculum. Schuette N, Malouff J, Hall L, Haggerty D, Cooper J, Golden C, Dornheim L. Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. 0 Identifying and teaching Generation X pharmacy students. Throndike RL. endobj Additionally, several limitations to the instruments used to measure emotional intelligence have been identified. endobj %PDF-1.5 % Emotional intelligence (EI) most commonly incorporates concepts of emotional expression and regulation, self-awareness, and empathy.