In the low-temperature water environment, the infrared spectrum of rubber after aging is similar to that in the low-temperature air environment. At 90 days, pits and tiny holes appeared on the surface of the specimen in the water. hb```l"B J.R. Beatty et al. ; funding acquisition, Project of Jiangsu Provincial Construction Engineering Administration. The DW40 refrigerating test chamber was produced by Nanjing Sibenke Experiment Co (China). Compression set of waterstop in three different environments. During the period of 7290 days, the content of the C element in the low-temperature air environment significantly decreased compared with that in low-temperature water, while the content of O element increased significantly. The average temperature in the coldest month (January) is 3.2 C while the average temperature in the hottest month (July) is 14.6 C [14]. For assistance in identifying the appropriate polymer or material, or to develop and formulate a NR or natural rubber compound to meet your specific application and performance requirements, please contact Rahco Rubber, Inc. at sales@rahco-rubber.com or 847-298-4200. Henan Water Resour. Silicones also has good resistance to ozone, weather and is also a good insulator. If you are looking for detailed rubber specifications such as tensile specs in psi or elongation percentages for our rubber materials, go to our rubber specifications section. Since the lowest annual temperature in Xigaze is 25 C [16], the low-temperature environment in this paper was set at 25 C. [11] accelerated the aging of rubber in a hot oxygen environment and investigated the changes in the mechanical properties of rubber before and after aging and the degree of aging with aging temperature and time. Owned and operated by AZoNetwork, 2000-2022, A Laser Disdrometer for All Types of Precipitation OTT Parsivel, Discover the MiniFlash FPA Vision Autosampler, New Technology For High Energy Aqueous Batteries, Miniaturized Energy Storage Devices and Integrated Microsystems, New Adsorbent Material Rapidly Removes Toxic Chromium and Arsenic From Water, Researchers Create Stretchable, Composite Layered 2D Materials. The YF-8426 compression permanent deformation machine was produced by YangZhou YuanFeng Experiment Co (China). ; writingreview and editing, L.Y. and S.L. This shows that the brittleness of rubber increases with the aging time, and the adverse effect is more obvious in the low-temperature air environment. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help This data is provided subject to AZoM.com's terms and conditions. Figure 1 shows the flow chart of our experiments. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The main components of the rubber waterstop are natural rubber, insoluble sulfur(S), accelerator, zinc oxide (ZnO), stearic acid (SA) and carbon black. However, the temperature in Xigaze is low all year round, with an average temperature of 6.5 C [13]. ; resources, L.Y. Infrared spectra of low-temperature air environment. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. With the increase in aging time, the protrusions increased. SBR is similar to natural rubber. SEM observation reveals that with the increase in aging time, the surface additive particles disappear, many protrusions appear and gradually increase in the low-temperature air environment. 8600 Rockville Pike All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Deng Jun et al. Compared with the natural environment, the oxidation reaction of the rubber waterstop in the low-temperature environment was slower. At the same time, natural rubber has a huge advantage over fossil-based polymers in terms of environmental friendliness. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. The most obvious change was the stretching vibration peak of hydroxyl (OH) at 35003200 cm1. After 54 days, the peak intensity sharply increased, and then slowly increased. The Nexus 470 Fourier infrared spectrometer was produced by Nicolet (Waltham, MA, USA). Learn more Natural Rubber / Isoprene has excellent dynamic properties. The compression specimen was put into the compression permanent deformer to make its compression rate reach 2328%. It can be seen from Table 1 and Table 2, Figure 4 and Figure 5 that the tensile strength, elongation, tear strength and compression permanent deformation of the rubber waterstop decreased in the low-temperature environment. The loading speed of the testing machine was set to 500 mm/min [17,18]. It is an automated accessory designed to be used with the MINIFLASH FP Vision Analyzer. !gM`dc /z]l`LJH RD6`v=dtD_~v q l^)&FS`10j?
The peak value of CO group at 1002 cm1 obviously decreased, and the change in peak value at 3237 cm1 was the same as that in the dry environment. According to the changes of the above spectral peaks, it can be concluded that the double bond of the rubber waterstop slowly decreases and the product of the vicinal diol obviously increases after aging in the low-temperature air environment, which is consistent with the aging law in the natural environment. hbbd```b``3@$St`f0y! Polyacrylate is used in applications such as transmissions or anything where there is petroleum oils and high temperature. Talking about the application of rubber waterstop in hydraulic engineering. The Quanta 250F SEM was produced by FEI (Hillsboro, OR, USA). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Analysis on climate characteristics of Shigatse in 2014. Silicon exhibits great temperature range capabilities. GB/T 5292008 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association of China, Rubber, Vulcanizedor Thermoplastic-Determination of Tear Strength (Trouser, Angle and Crescent Test Pieces), GB/T 531.1-2008 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association of China, Rubber, Vulcanizedor Thermoplastic-Determination of Indentation Hardness-Part 1: Duromerer Method (Shore Hardness). Corrosion deterioration of metallic alloysexposed to the atmosphere or other adverse conditions is prevented using a variety of techniques. At the Advanced Materials Show in June 2022, AZoM spoke with Ben Melrose from International Syalons about the advanced materials market, Industry 4.0, and efforts to move toward net-zero. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. about navigating our updated article layout. ; software, S.L. Has excellent resistance to petroleum oils and fuels. Due to the ever-increasing demand for energy, the demand for nuclear fuel has also increased, which has further created a significant increase in the requirement for post-irradiation examination (PIE) techniques. ; validation, S.L., W.Y. ; formal analysis, S.L. 0
This option allows users to search by Publication, Volume and Page. SBR is mostly used in tires and seals for non-mineral oil based applications. Enter words / phrases / DOI / ISBN / authors / keywords / etc. The results showed that with the growth of aging time, the mechanical properties of the rubber waterstop are reduced. HNBR has excellent abrasion, compression set, tensile, and tear properties. Neoprene exhibits good oil, ozone, weather, aging, refrigeration and chemical resistance. National Library of Medicine EDS results show that with the increase in aging time, there is an increase in O element and a decrease in C element in the low-temperature air environment. %PDF-1.6
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Durability of rubber waterstop in extreme environment: Effect and mechanisms of ultraviolet aging. Tensile strength of waterstop in three different environments.
Tensile strength and tear strength decreased by 19.1% and 23.3% in the low-temperature water environment. Changes in C and O element content of different samples. Careers. Reflection on the present situation and development of highland barley production in Xigaze area. Tensile strength and tear strength decreased by 34.9% and 24.7% in the low-temperature air environment. [10] studied the effects of different aging temperatures and aging times on the properties of different types of rubber. An Overview of Post Irradiation Examination (PIE) Techniques. After reaching the aging time, the specimens were taken out and placed indoors for 24 h. The tensile strength, elongation and tear strength were tested by an electronic universal tensile testing machine. Meanwhile, fossil-based polymers easily burn and release gases that are harmful to the environment, such as toluene. Unless they are specially compounded, nitrile is not resistant to weathering, sunlight and ozone. The universal O-ring. The test pieces were then observed at 500, 1000 and 6000 magnifications, and the C and O element contents were analyzed by EDS at a magnification of 1000. YangJin Z.M., JiaYong C.C. Butyl also has good electrical, shock dampening properties. The infrared spectra of the rubber waterstop in low-temperature air environment and low-temperature water environment after 18 days, 36 days, 54 days, 72 days and 90 days are shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11. Copyright document.write((new Date()).getFullYear()); Rahco Rubber, Inc. All rights reserved. eaha``lt=id?#Lp%xa`8a'%Yrp}&`+O!KNxCFVl2Rg7Kj lC"Ii@nl!F Gwun`i. Beatty J.R., Davies J.M. Apparent morphology of the specimen after aging at low temperature. Selecting this option will search all publications across the Scitation platform, Selecting this option will search all publications for the Publisher/Society in context, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Mechanical properties of natural rubber composites reinforced with cellulose fibers, Industrial Products Research Institute, 114 Higashi, Tsukubashi, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Polymer Technology, S100 44, Stockholm, Sweden. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The results showed that the elongation and fracture stress of rubber gradually decreased with increasing aging time and aging temperature, and a small increase in temperature would lead to a significant decrease in mechanical properties. [12] studied the influence of time and pressure on rubber in a low-temperature environment. How to Reduce Marine Plastic Waste and Reduce Economic and Social Costs. Li B., Li S.X., Zhang Z.N. Xue Z.H., Liu P. Research on the recycling and reuse of waste plastics. This rubber materials comparison chart gives you key factors in your choice of rubber mechanical properties. However, it does not do well with petroleum oils, sunlight and ozone. Grabner Instruments MiniFlash FPA Vision Autosampler is a 12-position autosampler. Additionally, the rubber waterstop used in water conservancy projects is generally poured inside the concrete, which greatly reduces the contact with oxygen and ozone, and also shelters from light [15]. GB/T 7759.1-2015 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association of China, Rubber, Vulcanized or Thermoplastic-Determination of Compression Set-Part 1: At Ambient or Elevated Temperatures. The temperature of the freezer test chamber was set to 25 C, and then the 5 groups of specimens were aged in the freezing test chamber for 18 days, 36 days, 54 days, 72 days and 90 days, respectively. It also has good mechanical properties over a wide temperature range. HNBR Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber, Common Abbreviations Used in The Rubber Industry. In water conservancy and hydro-power projects, considering that concrete cannot be continuously poured, construction joints, settlement joints and deformation joints are needed in order to adapt to the deformation of foundation and the deformation caused by the change in temperature. This article provides an end-of-life assessment of lithium-ion batteries, focusing on the recycling of an ever-growing amount of spent Li-Ion batteries in order to work toward a sustainable and circular approach to battery use and reuse. Therefore, we put the rubber waterstop in the freezing test chamber for accelerated aging, and tested its tensile strength, elongation, tear strength, compression set and hardness under different aging times, and carried out microscopic detection on the damaged specimen, trying to find the aging mechanism of rubber in the freezing environment. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The changes in the content of C and O elements (wt %) in the rubber waterstop samples are shown in Table 3. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Deng J., Zheng Y., Pan Z.C. Time and Stress Effects in the Behavior of Rubber at Low Temperature. The vulcanized rubber used in this study mainly consisted of polyisoprene (9295% of cis1,4-polyisoprene) which was produced by Hebei Jingjia Rubber products Co., Ltd. (China). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Liu S.M., Yu L., Gao J.X., Zhang X.D. After 168 h of compression, the specimen was immediately released and allowed to recover at room temperature for 2733 min, and then measured the height of the specimen [20]. Before Highly resistant to ozone and weathering. As shown in Figure 7b, after 36 days aging under low-temperature air environment, the additive particles on the surface completely disappeared, but many protrusions appeared, and the surface of the specimen became abnormally uneven. It shows that the CH bond and =CH slowly weaken, and CO appears on the molecular chain. %%EOF
The microstructure and elemental analysis of the rubber waterstop after accelerated aging treatment were investigated using SEM (FEI quanta 250F) equipped with an EDS at an accelerating voltage of 30 kV. The cross-sectional morphologies after 18 days, 54 days and 90 days in the low-temperature water environment are shown in Figure 8df, where a small number of additive particles appeared after 90 days, indicating that this environment can reduce the adhesion of the rubber matrix. To sign up for alerts, please log in first. Huang L.Q. 571 0 obj
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Here you will find a rubber properties chart for all popular rubber materials. Based on the findings from this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: Conceptualization, L.Y. Study on thermal oxygen aging properties of different rubber materials. With the increase in aging time, the peak intensities of CH3 at 2915 cm1 and 2841 cm1 and C=C at 1640 cm1 and 878 cm1 decreased slightly, while the peak intensities of CH2 at 1430 cm1 and CH3 at 1372 cm1 increased slightly. In this interview, wediscuss the company'snovel technologies and how they could revolutionize how we think about plastics. In the low-temperature water environment, the rubber matrix still maintains good adhesion. ), 2Jianke Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200032, China; [emailprotected]. Thus, this environment has an effect on the strength of the rubber waterstop, but the effect is far less than that in the low-temperature air environment. As fossil-based polymers are difficult to degrade [7], many fossil-based polymers products are discarded and flow into the sea [8]. An official website of the United States government. endstream
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and transmitted securely. Figure 8 shows the cross-sectional morphologies of the tensile test pieces in the low-temperature air environment and low-temperature water environment. Data reproduced with permission of Granta Design Limited www.grantadesign.com. 608 0 obj
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Secondly, the performance of fossil-based polymers in degradability and recycling is worse than that of natural rubber. The FTIR was operated within the scan angle range of 590and a scan speed of 5/min. At the Advanced Materials Show, AZoM spoke with Vig Sherrill from General Graphene about the future of graphene and how their novel production technique will lower costs to open up a whole new world of applications in the future. rubber waterstop, low temperature, aging performance, microscopic examination, mechanism analysis. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The new PMC design is here! Application of rubber waterstop in water conservancy project construction. At the same time, many protrusions appeared on the surface of the rubber waterstop, the C element gradually decreased, and the O element gradually increased. Ethylene Propylene Copolymer has excellent resistance to phosphate ester fluids (Skydrol), brake fluids (glycol base), steam, weather, and ozone. GeSang Z.M., NiMa L.Z. However, it has low tensile, tear and wear resistance. The .gov means its official. At low temperature, the surface of the specimen became rough while the specimen became hard. Intramolecular reactions can occur in vulcanized rubber polymers due to the polyunsaturated property and the short distance between the double bonds. South North Water Diversion. Yan Y.Y. The hardness increases slowly, the material becomes hard and gradually loses its elasticity. It allows users to collect data on the size and speed of falling particles. For example, if you need to find rubber compression properties, rubber weather resistance or even rubber ozone resistance for your O-rings, you can find the best combination of elastomer properties by using this O-ring material guide for your application. The peaks at 1640 cm1 and 878 cm1 were defined as =CH stretching vibration of the cis-1,4 structure, while the peak at 1443 cm1 was assigned to deformation vibration absorption of CO. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Received 2021 May 11; Accepted 2021 Jun 18. After 90 days, tiny holes appeared on the surface of the specimen, as shown in Figure 7c. ; data curation, S.L. GB/T 5282009 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association of China, Rubber, Vulcanizedor Thermoplastic-Determination of Tensile Stress-Strain Properties. If you need an account, pleaseregister here. Sign up for our newsletter and receive periodic engineering tips on good seal desing practices. Technol. Discover the OTT Parsivel, a laser disdrometer that can be used to measure all precipitation types. This research received no external funding. In the above studies, the environment of rubber aging was mostly set to high temperature and high oxygen or lack of microscopic testing and mechanism analysis. PMC legacy view The KSL-10KN electronic universal testing machine was produced by YangZhou KaiDe Experiment Co (China). Increase in low-temperature aging time leads to a decrease in the tensile strength, elongation, tear strength and compression permanent deformation and an increase in the hardness of the rubber waterstop. The x axis represents the aging time, and the y axis represents the content of the elements. Development status and Prospect of natural rubber technology in China. government site. After aging at low temperature, the surface of the specimen significantly changed. Unlike standard nitriles, HNBR resists ozone, sunlight, and other atmospheric environments. Selecting this option will search the current publication in context. Or better yet, use the rubber chart to find which material will best suit your environment. The shore hardness tester was used to test the hardness of the specimen [19]. It can be seen that increasing the aging time led to a decrease in the C element and a concurrent increase in the O element in the rubber waterstop. The compression permanent deformation specimen was a B-type cylinder with a diameter of 13.0 mm 0.5 mm. The rubber waterstop, as the most commonly used waterstop material, can effectively prevent the leakage and seepage of building joints, and play the role of shock absorption and buffer, so it is widely used in projects [1,2,3,4]. Application of waterstop in water conservancy engineering. The decrease in compression permanent deformation indicates that the deformation capacity of vulcanized rubber gradually decreases with the increase in aging time at low temperature, that is, the plasticity weakens. In the ATR-FTIR spectra, the peak at 29002800 cm1, 1430 cm1 and 1372 cm1 was assigned to CH stretching vibrations of CH2, CH3. 1633 Birchwood Ave. Des Plaines IL 60018 | P: 847-298-4200 F: 847-298-4201 Email Us. ); [emailprotected] (M.L. ; visualization, W.Y. The apparent morphology of the rubber is shown in Figure 6. The results showed that the hardness of rubber material at low-temperature increased with the gradual increase in time and pressure and proposed that one of the reasons for the increase in rubber hardness was crystallization. ; investigation, W.Y. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. In applications, rubber waterstop is often exposed to various environments, such as oxygen, ozone, light and temperature, so it often changes in composition and structure [5,6]. FTIR-ATR analysis shows that the infrared spectra of the low-temperature air environment and low-temperature water environment are almost the same, the decrease in functional groups used to characterize the basic structure of polyisoprene is not obvious during the aging process, and the peak amplitude produced by the hydroxyl carboxyl group and other functional groups during the oxidation process is small, and the oxidation is slow. Nitrile has good mechanical properties and high wear resistance relative to other elastomers. In the low-temperature air environment, the content of the C element decreased by 4.77% while the content of O element increased by 45.0% after 72 days; the oxidation reaction suddenly became faster from 72 days to 90 days, the content of C element decreased by 13.98% and the content of the O element increased by 105.0% after 90 days. Talking Parts A Quick Video Series Looking at Critical Components. The site is secure. The compression permanent deformation was calculated according to Equation (1): where Ccompression set (%); h0initial height (mm); h1height after recovery (mm); and hslimiter height (mm). In the low-temperature water environment, the content of C element decreased by 4.16% while the content of the O element increased by 61.19% after 90 days. Five groups of specimens were prepared in two environments, and each group consisted of three tensile specimens, five tear specimens, three permanent compression deformation specimens and one hardness specimen. The FTIR spectra were recorded using a Nicolet Nexus 470 spectrometer equipped with an ATR attachment. The surface of the specimens without aging was relatively flat, and the micro-pits visible to the naked eye appeared on the surface of the specimens after 36 days of low-temperature treatment, and the number increased with time. Corrosion is the degradation of analloy caused by its exposure to the environment. ; project administration, L.Y. will also be available for a limited time. From the analysis of Figure 10 and Figure 11, it can be found that during the low-temperature aging test, the basic structure of the rubber and the position of the characteristic peak do not significantly change before and after aging, which indicates that during the low-temperature treatment process of 090 days, the basic chemical structure of the rubber waterstop was not obviously damaged or the damage is relatively small. Enterp. ; writingoriginal draft preparation, S.L. Mechanical properties of aging rubber waterstop in low-temperature water environment. and M.L. More info. At the Advanced Materials Show 2022,AZoM caught upwith the CEO of Cambridge Smart Plastics, AndrewTerentjev. The reason for this is that the rubber main chain and side chain of the molecular chain and crosslinking chain fracture happens, simultaneously creating new crosslinking, whereas in the low-temperature environment, the rubber molecular chain is in a new crosslinking reaction, thus showing surface hardening after aging and brittle crack, namely due to its decreasing tensile strength, elongation, tear strength and compression permanent deformation. Infrared spectra of low-temperature water environment. Tensile specimens were I type dumbbell shaped with a thickness of 2.0 mm 0.2 mm as shown in Figure 2. FOIA In order to elucidate the aging performance and aging mechanism of a rubber waterstop in low-temperature environments, the rubber waterstops were placed in the freezing test chamber to accelerate aging, and then we tested its tensile strength, elongation, tear strength, compression permanent deformation and hardness at different times. Fluorosilicone has limited strength and abrasion resistance so it is generally recommended for static applications only. Environics offers stand alone permeation systems that can be used for single or multiple disposable permeation tubes. The surface morphology of the rubber waterstop before and after aging is further examined by SEM and is shown in Figure 7. This causes serious pollution to the marine environment and kills a large number of marine organisms, but natural rubber products can be recycled, and many countries have established the corresponding regulations [9].