2013 ford taurus wheel bolt patternbest stainless steel tubing cutter

Please note: The terms wheels and rims are interchangeable. The bolt pattern on your car's wheels is important because it tells you what kind of lugs are necessary for fitting that particular type. We also discuss what lugs/bolts are used precisely, the exact diameter of the center bore hub, and the torque specifications of the bolts. OE: Measures the diameter of an imaginary circle that the wheel lugs or bolt holes create. The tire size for your Ford Taurus depends upon the year of manufacturer. Measures the actual diameter of your wheel that rests at that particular point. 2013-2019 Ford Taurus (Note: TPMS Not Included), Size: 20" x 8", 5 Lug, 4.5" Bolt Pattern Thats the reason you may need a hub ring. J.D. Please make sure only to tighten them halfway; otherwise, youll run into problems. If you have any questions about the 2013 Ford Taurus Wheels or 2013 Ford Taurus Rims you need, please call us Toll Free. Description: Used 10 Spoke Factory Alloy Wheel A thorough understanding of this chart will greatly diminish the possibility of wheel damage due to improper sizing. This in effect brings the tire in to the fender well more. Conversely, a negative offset means the mounting surface of the wheel is behind the true center line of the rim / tire assembly. This occurs when the mounting surface gets positioned behind the actual centerline of your tire assembly or the rim. Its also important to check if the lug nuts are still secured after 30 miles (48 kilometers). It may also result in vibrations while your vehicle is in use. Tires usually last around 60,000 75,000 miles or 4-5 years. Play with specs, try different settings and combinations, compare results. Your car may require a smaller center bore, and theres no better solution than this. Finish: Black A digital tire pressure gauge (Amazon link) is a must-have tool for checking the tire pressure and keeping it within a permissible range. Some posts may contain affiliate links. Gauges the allowable limits of your wheels diameter as well as the width that matches a specific vehicle to find the appropriate rim size range. The Taurus, of course, comes in different trim levels and engine options. Please make sure they are all in place and still tightened with the proper force. If there is an EVEN number of lugs: Measure center-to-center on lugs directly across from each other. Most wheels on the auto market have large center bores to make them compatible with almost any type of vehicle. Ford Taurus with a 2.5i I4, 3.0i V6 or 3.8i V6 engine has a standard tire size of 205/70R14 or 205/65R15 and a standard rim size of 5.5Jx14 ET42 or 6Jx15 ET42. Automotive Technical and Reference Information, Project Cars, Trucks and Salvage Vehicles For Sale. This guide is accurate and is updated on a daily basis.No warranties or guarantees are expressed or implied as to the accuracy of the information provided on this site.Use of this site implies your agreement to these terms. These need to be secured in the same pattern. Its expected that your wheel also have a center cap or cover. Michelin Pilot HX MXM4 Michelin Primacy MXM4 | Goodyear Eagle RS-A, Goodyear Eagle F1 SuperCar Michelin Primacy MXV4, 235/60 R17, 235/55 R18, 245/55 R18, 255/45 R19, 245/45 R20, 255/30 R22, 265/30 R22. Includes Speedometer Error Calculator. In other words, we can change them from Taurus to another car and vice versa. Finish: Sparkle Silver OE: DA5Z1015C, DA531015AB, DA53AB 3, 121. Heli Coil vs TIME-SERT, JB Weld, Loctite, 1,300HP Mercury Comet BRAKE FAILURE CRASH Mistakes Were Made, How To Swap 1st Gen Dodge Truck Rotors from 55.5 to 54.5, Amazing Chevrolet Small Block 283 Engine Rebuild Time-Lapse, Hot Rod Power Tour EXPOSED The TRUE Experience, DD Speed Shop Conquers The 2022 Hot Rod Power Tour, Bracket Drag Racing 101 ~ Understand the Essentials and How To Win, Repairing A Damaged and Dented Classic Truck Grill in 10 Minutes, Twin Turbo 1963 Divco Milk Truck Goes 114mph, How To Pass Drag Racing Tech Inspections for the No Name Nationals, 1927 Cadillac Series 314 Barn Find with Period Air Brake Conversion, Swapping Holley Electric Choke to Manual Choke for Total Control. This calculator is designed to give information related to tire size changes and the general impact they have on the calibration of a speedometer. 2013-2019 Ford Taurus (Note: TPMS Not Included), Size: 19" x 8.5", 5 Lug, 4.5" Bolt Pattern 2013 Ford Taurus SEL Tire Size: P235/55R18. Find out what that tire size numbers mean. Condition: Like-New, Wheel Part Number: OW3927B I like this wrench on Amazon in particular because it fits all bolt sizes for cars and trucks and is quite affordable. OE: 5G1Z1007AA, AE9Z1007E The world's largest wheel fitment database. Weve written extensively about the Ford Taurus and numerous questions you can have about this car. Unless specified otherwise, every wheel will arrive at your door in immaculate condition. Finish: Black However, these bolt patterns, lugs used, and torque specifications do not change for other models within a generation. With this manual, you will have the opportunity to understand how to define the specifications of the perfect wheels, bearing in mind the atmospheric conditions, your personal driving style, and preferred driving characteristics. From us - to help you identify the appropriate parameters and eventually - present you a table of reasonable and inexpensive tire replacement specifications. These hard plastic or metal rings will help you to perfectly center your wheels on the hubs and eliminate cases of run outs. How big is the bolt pattern on a Ford Taurus? The first number indicates how many holes there will be, while the second one describes their size in millimeters or inches depending upon which system they use at any given time! 2013 Ford Taurus (Note: TPMS Not Included), Size: 19" x 8.5", 5 Lug, 4.5" Bolt Pattern However, dont do that if there are an odd number of lugs. Make sure they match up correctly- if not then there could be issues while driving! Ford Taurus made between 2008 2018 have a bolt pattern of 54.5 inches (5114.3mm) whereas all other specifications remain the same. Wheel bolt is the diameter of an imaginary circle that the centers of the wheel lugs or bolt holes form. (Answered). If this is the case, it is recommended that you use a hub ring. These are shown in the image below. A bolt circle of 5 x 4.5 would indicate a 5 lug bolt pattern on a circle with a diameter of 4.5 inches. Description: Used 10 Spoke Factory Alloy Wheel Wheel Part Number: OW3920A P235/55R18 OE: Thats below average for the automotive industry. OE: (15 Models Analyzed). How much corn and soybeans does the US produce? Coming in as a replacement for the LTD, the Taurus was well received and enjoyed very good sales up until its fourth generation when Ford decided (often times to critics disapproval) to discontinue the Taurus. Call For Availability Today, we will talk about the information you need to have to select the correct new tires or rims for your Taurus. Matching these parameters ensures a stronghold for high-speed driving situations. OE: Ford Taurus 2013 3.5Ti Tire Rim 235/60R17 100T 7.5Jx17 ET39 2.6 38 OE 235/55R18 99H 8Jx18 ET39 2.2 32 OE 255/45R19 100V 8.5Jx19 ET39 2.2 32 245/45R20 99V 8Jx20 ET39 2.4 35. What is the right lug nut size for Ford Taurus ? - The thread size or thread diameter is the measurement is taken across the outside diameter of your wheel stud threads measured in either standard (7/16", 1/2", etc.) Description: Used 5 Twin Spoke Factory Alloy Wheel If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Ford advises you to bolt these nuts in the way thats shown below. You may have heard the term before and aren't sure what it means. A positive offset means the mounting surface of the wheel is positioned in front of the true center line of the rim / tire assembly. is the measured diameter of an imaginary circle formed by the centers of the wheel lugs or bolt holes. You do this by tightening all the nuts with a wheel wrench first. Bolt pattern - diameter of an imaginary circle formed by the centers of the wheel lugs. Automotive parts are manufactured in huge numbers, and it doesn't matter what type you're looking for; they will all have some variation on hub rings because not every vehicle has this specific size! OE: DG1Z1015A, DG131015AB, DG13AB Description: Used OEM Steel Spare Wheel The tire comes off this assembly when you put on new wheels. 2013-2019 Ford Taurus, Size: 17" x 4", 5 Lug, 4.5" Bolt Pattern Use Adapters(Amazon link). Finish: Black Description: Used 5 Double Spoke OEM Alloy Wheel Please tighten them first-hand snug with your hands. This particular bore directly relates to the center holes in your cars wheels that center the wheel on the vehicle. Were here, prepared and ready to help you choose the right aftermarket wheels (Amazon link) if you arent happy with your stock wheels. Please note that the current generation of the Taurus needs to have the bolt tightened to 100 ft-lb. This information is stated in the owners manual, but weve gone through the effort of instructing you here. The distance that ranges from the wheels mounting surface to the actual centerline of the rim is what people call the wheel offset. 2013-2019 Ford Taurus (Note: TPMS Not Included), Size: 20" x 8", 5 Lug, 4.5" Bolt Pattern Condition: Like-New, Wheel Part Number: OW3920B Power gave the 2013 Ford Taurus a reliability rating of 2.5 out of five. OE: Description: Used 10 Spoke Original Alloy Wheel Width: 235 255. Sometimes, you may have to know the stud or bolt pattern information to come up with the best solution. This will cause the tire to stick out away from the vehicle. Description: Used 5 Double Spoke Factory Alloy Wheel Heads up! It is prudent to re-torque wheels after about 60 to 90 miles (100km to 150km) of driving. Condition: Like-New, Wheel Part Number: OW3924A An Online Magazine for DIY Hot Rod Builders. tirewheelguide.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. In the owners manual of the Taurus, its said that this needs to happen every 7,500 miles or 12,000 kilometers. A wheel bore is a hole in the middle of a car's wheel. 2001 Ford Taurus Tires Sizes, Speed Ratings, and Inflation. Engine, Transmission, Chassis Swap Donor Vehicle Look-Up, How To Properly Torque Lug Nuts / Lug Bolts, Bolt Pattern Details and Matching Vehicles, JAGUAR X-TYPE, 2.5, 3.0, VDP, SPORT WAGON, Wheel, Tire and Fender Fitment Calculator, Tire Size Change / Speedometer Calibration Calculator, Engine / Transmission / Chassis Donor Search, Project Cars and Part Donor Cars For Sale. Wheel fitment and tire size guide and knowledge base, Information guide to help before purchasing alloy wheels, Find out what tire size will fit on your Vehicle, Find matching vehicles by specific Bolt Pattern, Find matching vehicles by specific Tire Size. Also read: Are Ford Cars Reliable? or metric (12mm, 14mm, etc.) Since most wheels are mass produced, they have a large center bore to accommodate several different vehicles. Correct Wheel Lug Nut / Bolt Torque Sequence - 4 lug, 5 lug, 6 lug. The Holey Goat 1970 Pontiac GTO Gets Legal and Goes Into The Wild! Have a question about Ford Taurus 2013 wheel specs? Ford Taurus with a 3.5i V6 engine has a standard tire size of 235/60R17, 235/55R18 or 255/45R19 and a standard rim size of 7.5Jx17 ET39, 7.5Jx18 ET39 or 8Jx19 ET44. The size of these fasteners can be described by three numbers - first, there's bolt diameter which determines how tightly they'll grip onto whatever you're securing them to; next comes thread pitch, and finally length in terms of steps per inch (SPI) Use of this site constitutes your agreement to these terms. To determine your wheel size you will need to look on the side wall of your tire. Finish: Polished Youll most likely get the best result if you do this diagonally across the hole. You likely know that most rims are none car specific. The pictures displayed below are all models of Factory Original 2013 Ford Taurus Wheels and OEM 2013 Ford Taurus Rims. We show you causes why some tires are more effective than other manufacturers and whether low-profile tires are a great option for the 2013 Ford Taurus. What size tire do I need for a 2005 Ford Taurus? Highlighted items are for OEM wheels, the rest are replacement options. Bolt pattern (PCD): 5 114.3. Select the year, 2013 Ford Taurus SEL Tire Size: P235/55R18. This measurement is important to be sure you have proper wheel clearance. This centers the wheel perfectly on the hub ensuring that there is no run out when the wheel is installed on to the vehicle. Find them here: Look at the area where your tire beads seat. Install your alloy wheels using a torque wrench. The vibrations and rigors of driving can easily loosen the bolt or nut and cause you lots of avoidable problems. Specifically, well take a look at the bolt pattern for each generation. Share your knowledge! We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Learn to understand the common markings found on tire sidewalls. Record the diameter of your thread, the first digit, in millimeters. You bring the gumption. The most common thread sizes are 10mm, 12mm, 14mm, 7/16", 1/2", 9/16", 5/8". Select the make, model, and the year of your vehicle to get the information about the bolt pattern. Ford Taurus with a 3.0i V6 or 3.0i DOHC V6 engine has a standard tire size of 215/60R16 and a standard rim size of 6Jx16 ET42. No warranties or guarantees are expressed or implied as to the accuracy of the information provided on this site. These pictures will specify whether the OEM Ford Wheels are Aluminum Alloy, Steel, Chrome, Silver Paint or Machined. 2013-2015 Ford Taurus (Note: TPMS Not Included), Size: 17" x 7.5", 5 Lug, 4.5" Bolt Pattern Bolt patterns can be 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 10 lug holes. The 5 X 108 Bolt Pattern or Pitch Circle Diameter (PCD) is made up of the stud count (5) and the bolt circle measurement (108), the notional circle determined by the center position of the studs. After a test drive, you need to recheck the torque specifications. Furthermore, we also listed the exact tire and rim size used with each engine option to give you a precise idea of what tires you can and cannot buy. Read More. When buying new rims, it is critical to make sure that the lug nuts match up with your car. All Wheels are Guaranteed to arrive in Immaculate condition unless otherwise stated. P215/60R16 2013-2019 Ford Taurus (Note: Deep Center Cap Seat, TPMS Not Included), Size: 20" x 8", 5 Lug, 4.5" Bolt Pattern We'll work to keep you motivated and informed and with industry news, product information and reviews, event coverage, and well-curated articles and stories intended to inspire and educate. 2013-2019 Ford Taurus, Size: 18" x 4", 5 Lug, 4.5" Bolt Pattern Roadkill Customs has evolved from local hot rod shop to online how-to magazine for budget-minded do-it-yourself hot rod builders and enthusiasts. How has Digitalization completely changed the online gaming industry? H = High - Positive Offset, typically FWD (Front Wheel Drive) +45, 40, 35 offsets, M = Medium - Neutral Offset, typically RWD (Rear Wheel Drive) +20 offset, L = Low - Zero to Negative Offset, Offset typically RWD (Rear Wheel Drive) 0 offset, 5 X 108 Wheel Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels, FORD ~ JAGUAR ~ LAND ROVER ~ LINCOLN ~ MERCURY ~ OLDSMOBILE ~ PEUGEOT ~ VOLVO ~ All Makes(s), Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 63.4Offset: H>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 15 X 6 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 63.4>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesLook-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 63.4Offset: H>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 15 X 7 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 63.4Offset: H>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 16 X 7 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 63.4>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 15 X 6 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 63.4Offset: H>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesLook-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 74.1Offset: H>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesLook-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 63.8>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesLook-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 1/2-RH Hub Center Bore: 74.1>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesLook-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 8 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 14 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 63.4>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesLook-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 485 to 95 lb-ft. 8 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 63.4>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 16 X 7 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 63.4>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 14 X 6 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: Hub Center Bore: 65>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesLook-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Hub Center Bore: 65>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 15 X 6 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 1/2-RH Hub Center Bore: 65.1Offset: M>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 14 X 6 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 8 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 65.1>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesLook-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 14 X 1.5b Hub Center Bore: 65.1Offset: H>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 16 X 6.5 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 485 to 95 lb-ft. 8 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 14 X 1.5b Hub Center Bore: 65.1>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesLook-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 485 to 95 lb-ft. 8 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.75b Hub Center Bore: 65.1Offset: M>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 16 X 6.5 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.75b Hub Center Bore: 65.1>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesLook-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5 Hub Center Bore: 65.1Offset: M>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 14 X 6 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5b Hub Center Bore: 65.1Offset: M>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 15 X 6 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 14 X 1.5b Hub Center Bore: 65.1Offset: H>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 16-17 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 485 to 95 lb-ft. 8 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5b Hub Center Bore: 65.1Offset: H>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 16 X 6.5 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.5b Hub Center Bore: 65.1>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesLook-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 12 X 1.75b Hub Center Bore: 65.1Offset: M>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 15 16Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 475 to 85 lb-ft. 7 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 14 X 1.5b Hub Center Bore: 65.1Offset: H>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 16 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 485 to 95 lb-ft. 8 Turns Minimum, Bolt Pattern: 5 X 108 Stud Size: 14 X 1.5b Hub Center Bore: 65.1Offset: H>Bolt Pattern Details and Matching VehiclesOEM Wheel Size(s): 16-18 Look-up:Spacers ~ Adapters ~ Wheels/TiresTorque Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 2, 485 to 95 lb-ft. 8 Turns Minimum.