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"'Supervolcanoes' (a term that, imho, should be abolished) do not always produce gigantic 'supereruptions'. [18][19][20][21], On 21 August 2017 there was a magnitude 4 earthquake on the western edge of the Campi Flegrei area. This allows them to determine the current stage of the magma system. "Most of their activity consists of small to moderate scale eruptions, which would have a limited impact in a restricted area.". Copyright 2022 NATURE WORLD NEWS All rights reserved. [citation needed], A 2009 journal article stated that inflation of the caldera centre near Pozzuoli might presage an eruptive event within decades. Now, after centuries of degradation, both people and wildlife are finding their way back to city waters. The whites are composed of 5070% Falanghina, 1030% Biancolella and/or Coda di Volpe, with up to 30% of other local white grape varieties.[27]. The Phlegraean Fields (Italian: Campi Flegrei [kampi fleri]; Neapolitan: Campe Flegree, from Greek phlego, "to burn")[2][citation needed] is a large volcano situated to the west of Naples, Italy. Many of these are underwater, in Pozzuoli Bay. In a study published in the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Ulvrova and her colleagues produced models showing the potential tsunamis produced by eruptions of different sizes in various locations in the Bay of Pozzuoli. [17] In May 2017 a new study by University College London and the Vesuvius Observatory published in Nature Communications revealed that an eruption might be closer than previously thought. Boris Behncke, a volcanologist at Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), said an eruption at Campi Flegrei could match that of the Plinian eruptions. Its calderas were formed by enormous eruptions that took place 39,000 and 15,000 years ago, in addition to countless minor eruptions. [23], A February 2020 status report indicated that inflation around Pozzuoli continues at steady rates with a maximum average of 0.7cm per month since July 2017. When the column collapses, it would produce a second wave. "Even a small eruption in Campi Flegrei would require timely (and, preferably, orderly) evacuation of hundreds of thousands of residents, a number due to swell into millions if the eruption develops into a Plinian-style event.". Because of this, it's nearly impossible to retrieve material from every historical eruption, leaving inevitable gaps in the record. Researchers actively monitor the system and understand the cues that could signal pending eruptions. As magma crystallizes within the planet, the tiny mineral flakes take on chemical clues that can reveal information about its parent magma, like temperature and water content. Considering the unrest seen at the port of Pozzuoli, it is probable that the next eruption will take place within that region of the caldera. This new phase, they say, could "at some undetermined point in the future," culminating in a "large volume eruption." I wonder if you had all of those samples, how clear the picture would be, she says. He said: "Volcanoes do not erupt when we believe they're 'overdue'. Sign up HERE for science breakthroughs in health, business and more that matter. Campi Flegrei (Phlegrean Fields) webcams / live data, Campi Flegrei (Phlegrean Fields) volcano eruptions, Campi Flegrei volcano (Italy): sea water turns red, worries about possible connection with volcanic activity, Campi Flegrei volcano (Italy): inflation and weak volcanic unrest continue. Makes a great gift. "Overdue is a human concept; volcanoes erupt when there's magma capable of reaching the surface. This area is monitored by the Vesuvius Observatory. The volcanic field has been the site of some extremely violent eruptions in the past, although the few ones that occurred during historic times were small events. The newly elected mayor allowed the project to go forward. The researchers then incorporated this information into a computer model to simulate Campi Flegrei's eruptions since its last big blast 15,000 years ago. These tales are worse. The last volcanic event recorded was known as the Monte Nuovo eruption in 1538, which was "fairly small". Ulvrova said that while the probability an offshore eruption is fairly low, "results can directly serve as input in decision making should there be an emergency related to volcanic explosion in that area. It was declared a regional park in 2003. The original article said the latest study was published in the journal PLOS One. Francesca Forni of ETH Zurich is the study lead author. Correction 7/22, 2.25 a.m. Over time, magma begins to accumulate in the chamber, cooling and slightly crystallizing. How we went from hunter-gatherers to monument builders, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2022 National Geographic Partners, LLC. READ MORE:Volcano: What would eruptions look like on asteroids? [22] Two people were killed and many more people injured in Casamicciola on the northern coast of the island of Ischia, which is south of the epicentre. The study found that the geographical unrest since the 1950s has a cumulative effect, causing a build-up of energy in the crust and making the volcano more susceptible to eruption. Why murder hornets are getting a new name, Beloved Chincoteague ponies' mythical origins may be real, A few jaguars now roam the Arizona borderlands, How raccoons became the ultimate urban survivors. Volcanic deposits indicative of eruption have been dated by argon at 315,000, 205,000, 157,000 and 18,000 years ago. Smoke from Massive Fire Threatens to Suffocate Over 20 Tigers in India's Reserve, Earth's Slow, Steady 'Heartbeat' of Geological Activity Still Consistent After 27 Million Years, Lake Mead Nearing Dead Pool Status, Water Level Dramatically Drops by 27% Due To Drought, Locals Capture 26-Foot Monster Crocodile That Ate Fisherman Alive After a Three-Day Hunt in Indonesia, Florida Holds Annual Invasive Snake Hunt to Remove Burmese Python from Local Ecosystem, A Massive Rainfall Hits Las Vegas Causing a Widespread Flooding, Nanotechnology: Johns Hopkins University Develop Nanobodies Which Could Cure Parkinson's Disease. The exact trigger for the start of a new cyclewhich could build to a major eruptionis unclear. But the latest results use modern methods to paint a much more detailed picture. But there's not enough evidence to say the next eruption is going to be caldera-forming.. With reinfections on the rise, scientists warn that each bout increases your risk of troubling outcomes, from long COVID to heart disease. Campi Flegrei has been active for 60,000 years, with the caldera forming during two large explosive eruptions. Several subsidiary cones and tuff craters lie within the caldera. Ground inflation continues at steady rates of up to 1 cm per month, centered in the Pozzuoli area, and micro-seismic and degassing activity remain elevated. Even a small eruption could spark mass evacuations, according to one expert. "For the largest explosions, incoming waves hitting Naples would have the highest amplitudes of around 1.5 meters. One of the purposes of the study about the seismicity of Campi Flegrei is to estimate the mechanisms involved - an efficient and very effective approach in identifying possible precursors of eruptions. What's more, the two most massive eruption events blanketed wide swaths of the surrounding region in rock and ash, burying traces of earlier blasts. It contains many volcanic centers (cinder cones, tuff rings, calderas) that have been active during the past 30-40,000 years. Support us - Help us upgrade our services! Although a major eruption is thousands of years away, its important to continue to monitor the evolution of the Phlegraean Fields on a sustained basis, said Forni. Programme scientists said the drilling was no different from industrial drilling in the area. To tease through the complexities of the region, Forni and her colleagues examined volcanic material from 23 eruptions, analyzing their elemental chemistry to identify signatures of their formation. In broad strokes, the cycle starts with the slow buildup of magma in the chamber, leading to a massive crater-forming blast. Their findings suggest that "a significant tsunami hazard exists in many areas of the Bay of Naples," with the risk most prominent in Pozzuoli Bay. However, scientists predict this could be a "pre-eruptive state" where eruptions could be imminent at some point in the future. The Virunga chain is part of the East African Rift Valley system, which marks the boundary between two plates: the Nubian plate to the west and the Somalian plate to the east. The caldera, which now is essentially at ground level, is accessible on foot. Grapes destined for DOC production must be harvested up to a maximum yield of 12 tonnes/hectare for red grape varieties, and 13 tonnes/ha for white grape varieties. Supervolcanoes have caused short-term climate catastrophes, crop failure, and famines in the past. The impact on the coast will definitely be smaller compared to the Pozzuoli but these waves can still have damaging effects in the harbour and on buildings in the Naples region. He wrote on Twitter: "Yellowstone, probably the most famous 'supervolcano', is not only NOT 'overdue', but if it were to erupt again, it would very likely produce a relatively small eruption, without a chance of having global consequences. The 2019 lunar calendars are here! The Big Apple has a rich and storied maritime history. A new study suggests that the Phlegraean Fields one of the most active and volatile volcanic regions in the world is at the early stage of a new cycle that could culminate in another gigantic eruption. The Campi Flegrei caldera in southern Italy, accounts to one of the most populated active volcanoes on Earth, with over 2.2 million people living therein. According to Napolike, the latest quake seems to have been stronger than the one felt on 16 March, just in the same area. This page was last edited on 24 June 2022, at 11:43. While most Campi Flegrei wines are blends, varietal wines can be made from individual varieties, provided the variety used comprises at least 90% of the blend and the wine is fermented to at least 12% alcohol for reds and 11% for whites. Unauthorized use is prohibited. Your submission has been received! Every donation will be highly appreciated. [27], Red Campi Flegrei is a blend of 5070% Piedirosso, 1030% Aglianico and/or Sciascinoso and up to 10% of other local (both red and white) grape varieties. Several recent studies have indicated changes are taking place at the system. However, in a worst case scenario, waves measuring 100 feet could hit the coast: "In case that there is a big explosion in the Pozzuoli Bay, our predictions suggest that tsunamis generated by such explosion would have waves hitting the coast that are as high as tens of meters," Ulvrova said. In the paper, Forni and her team point to recent unrest, such as ground deformation or changes in emitted gas, as signals for potential magma recharge. Satellite view of the Campi Flegrei; the Gulf of Pozzuoli in the foreground, parts of the Gulf of Naples and the city of Naples in the right background. Like salt freezing out of seawater as ice forms, the magma's dissolved water doesn't get incorporated as much into these crystals, increasing its presence in the leftover melt. [14] In 2012 the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program planned to drill 3.5 kilometres (11,000 feet) below the earth's surface near Pompeii, in order to monitor the massive molten rock chamber below and provide early warning of any eruption. Indonesia's giant capital city is sinking. In the past 60 years, the region has only shown signs of unrest and uplifted sites, unlike the much larger eruptions some 40,000 years back. [1], While Campi Flegrei has seen more unrest lately, an eruption in the area is unlikely to happen in the near future. The area also features bradyseismic phenomena, which are most evident at the Macellum of Pozzuoli (misidentified as a temple of Serapis): bands of boreholes left by marine molluscs on marble columns show that the level of the site in relation to sea level has varied. Oops! A further injection of magma into the magma chamber triggers an enormous eruption. The seismographs of the Vesuvian Observatory confirmed the earthquake was at 2.8 km, which is why it felt very strong, with the epicenter in the Solfatara area. Also known as the Phlegrean Fields, Italy's Campi Flegrei is a complex volcanic site composed of a network of craters and hydrothermal features. Get the best of Nat Geo in streaming, digital, and in print today. The waves would take about 15 minutes to cross the Bay of Naples. Can it be saved? For clues on what's happening in the magma chamber below, a team of researchers have now examined the chemistry of volcanic rocks and glass from historical eruptions, using that data to create a computer model to simulate the conditions leading to an eruption. Most regions would only be affected by relatively small wavesunder 30 feet in height, with most likely around five feet. Three geological phases or periods are recognised and distinguished.[7]. The Plinian eruptions happened in 79AD when Mt Vesuvius, Italy, engulfed the city of Pompeii, destroying all its inhabitants. It contains many fumaroles, from which steam can be seen issuing, and over 150 pools (at the last count) of boiling mud. Overall, the samples of erupted materials point to cycles of magma cooling and heating, similar to those previously suggested for other large volcanoes. Citizens of the areas of Pozzuoli, Bagnoli, Agnano and Fuorigrotta, after feeling the shock, hurriedly poured into the streets. As often happens in scientific research, the data collection and analysis may be more important than the immediate interpretations, which in fact are not so well constrained, volcanologist Claudia Troise of Vesuvius Observatory, the team tasked with monitoring Campi Flegrei's activity, says via email. Campi Flegrei has been marked as the most dangerous volcano in the world, pipping the likes of Yellowstone to the top title. "This would largely impact highly populated coastal areas in the Pozzuoli bay with dense infrastructure including houses, railway network, restaurants, historical buildings, etc. Science news, great photos, sky alerts. [26], In its weekly bulletin of April 6 2021, the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) reported that the Rione Terra (RITE) GPS tiltmeter had an average uplift rate of 13mm per month +/- 2mm. The team's composition analysis suggests that the volcano's last eruption in 1538 represents this bubbly magma stage. Stingrays recorded making sounds for the first timebut why? TOPSHOT - A photo taken on June 6, 2013 shows Pisciarelli fumaroles and mud pools from the Campi Flegrei caldera, a super volcano, near Naples. It had a magnitude of 4.25.2, but caused catastrophic shaking assigned XI (Extreme) on the MCS scale. The volcanic activity in the region has been producing explosive eruptions in the past for at least 60,000 years, including two super eruptions, according to Martina Ulvrova, from ETH Zurich's Institute of Geophysics. By modeling offshore eruptions at the active volcano, which sits to the west of Naples, researchers were able to show that tsunamis could pose a risk to the region. None has a bolder plan. They believe the National Emergency Plan for Campi Flegrei should be updated accordingly. The Campi Flegrei ("burning fields") or Phlegrean Fields is a large, 13-km-wide nested caldera located under the western outskirts of the citiy of Naples and under the Gulf of Pozzuoli. "This is not always the case: often magma stalls at some depth, loses gas and cools, and becomes 'uneruptible'. These are one of the main challenges in modern volcanology. Volcano news: Mount Etna bursts into life with 'near constant' flow, Volcano news: World's most active volcano leads to surprising find, Volcano news: Scientists identify potential landslides. A Reuters article emphasized that the area could produce a "super volcano" that might kill millions. Do not reproduce without permission. Analysis of Campi Flegrei offers fresh insight into its activity cycle, but any rumors of impending doom would be greatly exaggerated. Also known as the Phlegraean Fields, Campi Flegrei is Europes only supervolcano, located beneath Naples, Italy. The cycle begins with the accumulation of magma molten rock in a large reservoir in the Earths crust, a process that takes millennia. It has risen about 2m (7ft) from ground level since 1970. Despite their new findings, the researchers cant predict exactly when the next major eruption at the Phlegraean Fields may occur. Source: Long-term magmatic evolution reveals the beginning of a new caldera cycle at Campi Flegrei. Order yours before theyre gone. This may include adverts from us and 3rd parties based on our understanding. It adds that from 1985 to 2011 the dynamics of ground uplift were mostly linked to the caldera's hydrothermal system, and that this relation broke down in 2012. Since then, there has been years of "huge uplift" of the ground, which also raised the coastal town of Pozzuoli by up to 4 m. In 1982-1984, more than 16,000 earthquakes accompanied an uplift of almost 1.8 m. Also read: Smoke from Massive Fire Threatens to Suffocate Over 20 Tigers in India's Reserve. The biggest earthquake ever recorded in the region was a magnitude 4.2 in 1984. "We now know that there are quite a lot of 'failed eruptions', which are often marked by the typical signs of unrest (seismic, gas emission, ground deformation) that announce an eruption, but then don't take place. Each layer of erupted rock and ash did not form tidy, even layers. An eruption at Mt Etna in Sicily, one of three clusters of volcanic activity in Italy. (Also find out why Yellowstone's supervolcano may rumble to life fasterbut not soonerthan previously thought.). Any hypothetical massive blast would likely be far in the future, possibly thousands of years or more. These rumbles have also sparked some debate over their cause, and recent work suggests that the tremors don't reflect a shallow chamber refilling with magma, Troise points out. Long periods of dormancy and small eruptions characterize this stage. Tigers have nearly tripled in Nepal, but at what cost? We're aiming to achieve uninterrupted service wherever an earthquake or volcano eruption unfolds, and your donations can make it happen! Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Enforcing the Rules Would Eliminate Need for Red Flag Laws, Implement Community Violence Intervention Programs, Pompeii Archaeologists 'Committing Vandalism,' Volcanologists Claim, Yellowstone Volcano Eruption Fears Triggered by California Earthquakes. But the next step is a mystery. An underwater eruption of Italy's supervolcano, Campi Flegrei, could produce 100-foot tsunamis that could severely impact populated coastal areas like Pozzuoli and Sorrento, scientists have said.

Lava spews out of a fissure in the Virunga mountains in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The eruptions that follow this big event are relatively small and frequent blasts of hot, dry magma that likely originates from deep inside Earth and doesn't linger as it heads out. In 2010 the Naples city council halted the drilling project. A new study published in the journal Scientific Reportsanalyzed seismicity patterns recorded at volcanoes at Campi Flegrei since 2000, to proxy the processes involved in the long-term-unrest of this densely populated caldera. St Vincent volcano: NASA satellite reveals giant plume over Caribbean, Yellowstone rocked by 1,700 earthquakes amid fears of 'overdue' blast, Yellowstone NOT most dangerous volcano- Campi Flegrei eruption would force mass evacuation, Yellowstone is not the most powerful volcano, New Zealand earthquakes: Tremors could trigger volcano eruptions, Antarcticavolcanoes could erupt and make planet. In particular, the Campi Flegrei is infamous for its frequent episodes of major ground deformation in the form of large-scale up- and downlift of the ground (bradisism, see below). The researchers explained that volcanoes go though cycles. Campi Flegrei is a volcanic complex consisting of 24 craters and edifices. What is the Islamic New Yearand how is it celebrated? The magma reservoir underneath the Phlegraean Fields fills up only very slowly. Home of the Daily and Sunday Express. The Virunga chain is part of the East African Rift Valley system, which marks the boundary between two plates: the Nubian plate to the west and the Somalian plate to the east. Ulvrova added that, while the evacuation plan for a more likely land-based eruption is well established, a tsunami could also pose a risk: "We cannot neglect it and it should be included in the hazard maps for the region," she said. Lava spews out of a fissure in the Virunga mountains in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. You can unsubscribe at any time. One of these craters is filled by Lake Avernus. All rights reserved. Bottom line: A new study suggests that Italys Phlegraean Fields is readying for a catastrophic eruption, but not for thousands of years. "An alarming signal would be a migration towards the surface or a local surficial deformation," she said. Smaller volcanoes also erupted repeatedly during the period in between. earthquake, Campi Flagrei, naples, Italy. New videos taken in Australia and Indonesia reveal at least two stingray species make clicking noisesbut it's unknown how they do it. Learn how supervolcanoes form, where supervolcanoes are located, and how their destructive capabilities can make way for new life. Your email address will only be used for EarthSky content. The volcanologist was compared Campi Flegrei to Yellowstone when he said the former has the potential to cause more devastation. The driving mechanism of the ground uplift changed to periodical emplacement of magma within a flat sill-shaped magmatic reservoir about 3,000m (9,843ft) in depth, 500m (1,640ft) south from the port of Pozzuoli. A massive volcanic eruption would be devastating not only for the Naples region but the entire world. So before you go running to the nearest underground bunker, let's break down this new study. The eruption of the Indonesian supervolcano Tambora in 1815 is a well-documented example: the following summer was dubbed the year without a summer, and even places as far away as Switzerland suffered crop failure. Local scientists are worried that such drilling could itself initiate an eruption or earthquake. We love your photos and welcome your news tips. We talk about one of the most densely populated areas on Earth. Campi Flegrei has had strategic and cultural importance. Its formation some 39,000 years ago saw lava and rocks thrown hundreds of kilometres away in what was the most violent eruption in the past 200,000 years in Europe. The rift valley is a classic example of a divergent plate boundary.

. The strongest quake since March 29 2021 had been of magnitude 2.2, and the RITE GPS station had measured 72.5cm of uplift since January 2011. Researchers say that the accurate location of seismicity and estimate of source mechanisms "can resolve fault systems and track fluid migrations through volcanoes. Thank you! Related article: Earth's Slow, Steady 'Heartbeat' of Geological Activity Still Consistent After 27 Million Years, Tags And in the meantime, the team at Vesuvius Observatory is actively monitoring the volcano's every whisper so that if it does wake up, they'll be listening. Though a large-scale eruption like the one that occurred 39,000 years ago is very unlikely, a new caldera-forming eruption in the area is a possibility. [15], A study from the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia shows that the volcanic unrest of the Campi Flegrei caldera from January 2012 to June 2013 was characterised by rapid ground uplift of about 11cm (4in), with a peak rate of about 3cm (1in) per month during December 2012. The chemistry of the last eruption, she says, indicate[s] that the magmatic reservoir might be 'ready' for accommodating magmas from recharge without erupting frequently., It's really made a huge contribution having this data together to kind of see how things are changing over time, says Victoria Smith, a geochronologist and volcanologist at the University of Oxford. Campi Flegrei could offer up a similar eruption, according to Mr Behncke. ", The team says tsunami risk should be included in the National Emergency Plan for Campi Flegrei. The strongest quake in the Earthquake sequence was a magnitude 3.1, which is the strongest earthquake in the caldera going back to the last major period of unrest and rapid uplift in 1982-1984. Our expert volcanologists and photographers offer unique travel experiences: The Macellum at Pozzuoli where evidence of recent uplift can be seen on the columns, Bubbling mud pool inside the Solfatara crater, The new harbour quai of Pozzuoli, constructed at a lower level after the recent uplifts in 1982-1984, View into the crater of Monte Nuovo (1538 eruption). "Campi Flegrei is an active volcano that has been producing explosive eruptions in the past for at least 60,000 years including two super eruptions," Martina Ulvrova, from ETH Zurich's Institute of Geophysics, told Newsweek. However, no new fumaroles were reported. Something went wrong while submitting the form. Weak volcanic unrest continues with little variation over the past months at the caldera volcano. But Forni and her colleagues point to one key change: the formation of a crystal mush with so much dissolved water that some of it is forced into the magma as bubbles. "The potentially most dangerous volcano on the planet in this moment is not Yellowstone (a National Park, with sparse population nearby), but Campi Flegrei in Italy, which has one third of Naples IN IT (plus several other towns, totalling some 600,000 inhabitants). Volcanologist Christopher Kilburn at the University College London adds that the paper is a good example of how to use geochemistry to better understand the lifecycle of this large volcanic system. How to see Stonehenge: Everything you need to know, Photograph by Christian Jungeblodt/laif/Redux. Should the volcano erupt in the future, models suggest that it could produce a 100-foot tsunami, severely impacting coastal areas like Pozzuoli and Sorrento. The Phlegraean Fields, near the bustling metropolis of Naples, Italy, is one of the worlds most active and volatile volcanic regions. Extreme damage was reported on the island and over 2,000 residents perished. The volcanologists also created a model of the cycle. Olivier Bachmann, a professor at ETH Zurich, is a study co-author. As Forni explains, these characteristics can hint at what's happening in the volcano before each eruptionand may be a key to why eruptions are sometimes tiny and other times tremendous. [16], In December 2016, activity became so high that an eruption was feared. See today's front and back pages, download the newspaper, order back issues and use the historic Daily Express newspaper archive. Twice in the last 60,000 years, large blasts of volcanic ash and rock have blanketed the region, and a smattering of smaller bursts have happened before and after each big eruption, including the most recent event in 1538. We have to be cautious, though, about connecting the long-term behavior over thousands of years to short-term changes over years to decades, and their implications about the potential for eruption, Kilburn says. [citation needed], Italian wine, both red and white, under the Campi Flegrei DOC appellation comes from this area. Please be respectful of copyright. Today, more than half a million people have settled near the slumbering volcano, whose rumblings and effusive gasses reflect the heat that still brews below. Their study, published today in the journal Science Advances, could help scientists get a grip on the waking and sleeping cycles of these cataclysm-causing volcanoes. Overlapping craters of all sizes pockmark the Campi Flegrei volcanic region, which is nestled at the western edge of Naples, Italy, and stretches out into the Mediterranean Sea. 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", Christopher Kilburn, a professor of Earth Science at University College London, told Newsweek that research on the volcanic threat at Campi Flegrei has largely focused on land-based eruptions, "however, an eruption offshore cannot be categorically excluded, so the [study] is important to make sure that Italy's Civil Protection is prepared for even the less-likely scenarios.". Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2022 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Pozzuoli Bay would be severely impacted by a large explosive offshore eruption at Campi Flegrei. The reservoir empties abruptly, the roof collapses, a new caldera forms, and the cycle begins anew. But it wont happen for several thousand years, according to new research, published November 14, 2018, in the journal Science Advances. Still, with a dense population nearby, any eruption can prove deadly, and events as large as the 1538 blast could happen in the future. Smith emphasizes the complexity of the Campi Flegrei system. For the submarine volcanoes south of Sicily, see, A supervolcano located west of Naples, Italy, International Continental Scientific Drilling Program, "One of Earth's Most Dangerous Supervolcanoes Is Rumbling", "The supervolcano in italy; Campi Flegrei", "Volcanism and the Mantle: Campi Flegrei", "Mobility of a large-volume pyroclastic flow emplacement of the Campanian ignimbrite, Italy", "Volcanoes Wiped out Neanderthals, New Study Suggests", "Caldera unrest prior to intense volcanism in Campi Flegrei (Italy) at 4.0 ka B.P.